首页 > 技术文章 > python基础知识3——基本的数据类型2——列表,元组,字典,集合

zhenghaonihao 2016-12-22 22:33 原文

磨人的小妖精们啊!终于可以归置下自己的大脑啦,在这里我要把——整型,长整型,浮点型,字符串,列表,元组,字典,集合,这几个知识点特别多的东西,统一的捯饬捯饬,不然一直脑袋里面乱乱的。

一、列表

列表是可修改可变的,有序的,可迭代的,有索引和切片,可以是任意数据类型,可以包含任意多数据

1.列表的全部方法

如:['1','2']、['wupeiqi', 'alex']

1 >>> dir(list)
2 ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

 每个列表都具备如下功能:

  1 class list(object):
  2     """
  3     list() -> new empty list
  4     list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
  5     """在数组的末尾新增一项
  6     def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
  7         """
  8         L.append(object) -- append object to end """
  9         pass
 10 
 11     def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 12         """ 查看lst中某一项出现的次数
 13         L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
 14         return 0
 15 
 16     def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 17         """将原列表与其他列表扩展成新列表
 18         L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """
 19         pass
 20 
 21     def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 22         """返回列表中第一个匹配项的下标,找不到会报错
 23         L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 24         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 25         """
 26         return 0
 27 
 28     def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 29         """在指定位置插入项
 30         L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """
 31         pass
 32 
 33     def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 34         """返回指定位置的值,并将其从列表中删除。默认对末尾项操作
 35         L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
 36         Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
 37         """
 38         pass
 39 
 40     def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 41         """从列表中移除第一个符合与指定值相等的项
 42         L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
 43         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
 44         """
 45         pass
 46 
 47     def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 48         """列表反转
 49         L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 53         """排序,数字、字符串按照ASCII,中文按照unicode从小到大排序。
 54         L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*;
 55         cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
 56         """
 57         pass
 58 
 59     def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 60         """ 字符串拼接
 61         x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """
 62         pass
 63 
 64     def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 65         """ 判断列表中是否包含某一项
 66         x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """
 67         pass
 68 
 69     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 70         """删除列表中指定下标的项
 71         x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
 72         pass
 73 
 74     def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 75         """删除指定下标之间的内容,向下包含
 76         x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
 77                    
 78                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
 79         """
 80         pass
 81 
 82     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 83         """ 判断两个列表是否相等
 84         x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
 85         pass
 86 
 87     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 88         """ 无条件被调用,通过实例访问属性。
 89         x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
 90         pass
 91 
 92     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 93         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
 94         pass
 95 
 96     def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 97         """
 98         x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
 99                    
100                    Use of negative indices is not supported.
101         """
102         pass
103 
104     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
105         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
106         pass
107 
108     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
109         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
110         pass
111 
112     def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
113         """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """
114         pass
115 
116     def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
117         """ 
118         x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """
119         pass
120 
121     def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__
122         """
123         list() -> new empty list
124         list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
125         # (copied from class doc)
126         """
127         pass
128 
129     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
130         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
131         pass
132 
133     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
134         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
135         pass
136 
137     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
138         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
139         pass
140 
141     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
142         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
143         pass
144 
145     def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
146         """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """
147         pass
148 
149     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
150     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
151         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
152         pass
153 
154     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
155         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
156         pass
157 
158     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
159         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
160         pass
161 
162     def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
163         """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """
164         pass
165 
166     def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167         """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """
168         pass
169 
170     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
171         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
172         pass
173 
174     def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175         """
176         x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y
177                    
178                    Use  of negative indices is not supported.
179         """
180         pass
181 
182     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
183         """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """
184         pass
185 
186     __hash__ = None
187 
188 list         
189 
190 list Code
help(list)

2.列表的常用方法
 (1)append:向列表中添加项

     insert:在列表的指定位置加入值

     extend:列表的扩展;那么列表可以自己扩展自己么???当然是可以的啦!

 
 1 >>> 
 2 >>> a = [1,2,3,4]
 3 >>> a.append(5)
 4 >>> a
 5 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 6 >>> b = [6,7]
 7 >>> a.extend(b)
 8 >>> a
 9 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
10 >>> a.insert(2,0)
11 >>> a
12 [1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
1 >>> a  
2 [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']  
3 >>> b  
4 ['q', 'python']  
5 >>> a[len(a):]=b  
6 >>> a  
7 [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'q', 'python']  


list.extend(L) 等效于 list[len(list):] = L,L是待并入的list

 

(2)index:返回列表中第一个匹配项的下标

   __contain__:查看列表中是否包含某一项

   count:查看列表中某一项出现的次数

 
 1 >>> a
 2 [1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
 3 >>> a.index(0)
 4 2
 5 >>> a.__contains__(7)
 6 True
 7 >>> a.__contains__(8)
 8 False
 9 >>> a.count(5)
10 1

(3)pop:删除并返回指定下标的值,默认为列表的最后一个值

   remove:删除列表中与指定值匹配的第一个值

           __delitem__:删除指定下标的值

   __delslice__:删除指定下标区域内的所有值,下标向下包含

 1 >>> a
 2 [1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
 3 >>> a.pop()
 4 7
 5 >>> a
 6 [1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 7 >>> a.pop(2)
 8 0
 9 >>> a
10 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
11 >>> a.remove(2)
12 >>> a
13 [1, 3, 4, 5, 6]
14 >>> a.__delitem__(0)
15 >>> a
16 [3, 4, 5, 6]
17 >>> a.__delslice__(0,2)
18 >>> a
19 [5, 6]

(4)reverse:列表反转,这个反转并没有什么编码顺序,就是单纯的把原来的列表从头到尾调转过来而已。。。
     sort:排序,数字、字符串按照ASCII,中文按照unicode从小到大排序。

1 >>> a = [5,4,6,8,2,6,9]
2 >>> a.sort()
3 >>> a
4 [2, 4, 5, 6, 6, 8, 9]
5 >>> a.reverse()
6 >>> a
7 [9, 8, 6, 6, 5, 4, 2]
1 >>> a=[3,2,4,2,5,85,3,1]
2 >>> a.sort(reverse=True)
3 >>> a
4 [85, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1]
5 
6 >>> a=[3,2,4,2,5,85,3,1]
7 >>> sorted(a, reverse=True)
8 [85, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1]

3. “+”:字符串和列表连接

 1 >>> a=[1,2,3,4]
 2 >>> s=[1,2]
 3 >>> a+s
 4 [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2]
 5 >>> 
 6 >>> a-s
 7 Traceback (most recent call last):
 8   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 9 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'list'
10 >>> 
11 >>> a='asd'
12 >>> s='as'
13 >>> a+s
14 'asdas'
15 >>> a-s
16 Traceback (most recent call last):
17   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
18 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'
19 >>> 

 生成列表:Python的简洁

1 >>> l = [x**2 for x in range(1,10)]  
2 >>> l  
3 [1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]  
1 >>> mybag = [' glass',' apple','green leaf ']  #有的前面有空格,有的后面有空格  
2 >>> [one.strip() for one in mybag]       #去掉元素前后的空格  
3 ['glass', 'apple', 'green leaf']  
4 enumerate 

这是一个有意思的内置函数,本来我们可以通过for i in range(len(list))的方式得到一个list的每个元素编号,然后在用list[i]的方式得到该元素。如果要同时得到元素编号和元素怎么办?就是这样了:

1 >>> for i in range(len(week)):  
2 ...   print week[i]+' is '+str(i)   #注意,i是int类型,如果和前面的用+连接,必须是str类型  
3 ...   
4 monday is 0  
5 sunday is 1  
6 friday is 2  

python中提供了一个内置函数enumerate,能够实现类似的功能:

1 >>> for (i,day) in enumerate(week):  
2 ...   print day+' is '+str(i)  
3 ...   
4 monday is 0  
5 sunday is 1  
6 friday is 2 

还有这个有趣的内置函数的例子:

1 >>> seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']  
2 >>> list(enumerate(seasons))  
3 [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]  
4 >>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1))  
5 [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')] 

 

3.列表的索引和切片 

 1 >>> list(range(10))
 2 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 3 >>> l=list(range(10))
 4 >>> l
 5 [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 6 >>> l[:3]
 7 [0, 1, 2]
 8 >>> l[3:5]
 9 [3, 4]
10 >>> l[-5:-3]
11 [5, 6]
12 >>> l[-5:]
13 [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
14 >>> l[::2]
15 [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
16 >>> (0,1,2,3,4,5,6)[:3]      #元组也是列表只是不能改,所以也可以切片,得到的还是元组
17 (0, 1, 2)
18 >>> 'zhenghaolovexiaokai'[::2] #字符串可以看成列表
19 'zegalvxaki'

列表和字符串 两种类型的数据,有共同的地方,它们都属于序列(都是一些对象按照某个次序排列起来,这就是序列的最大特征),因此,就有很多类似的地方。如刚才演示的索引和切片,是非常一致的。

 1 >>> l=[1,2,3,4,5]
 2 >>> l[1]
 3 2
 4 >>> l.index(2)
 5 1
 6 >>> l[1]=1      #直接赋值修改,给覆盖了
 7 >>> l
 8 [1, 1, 3, 4, 5]
 9 >>> s='asdfg'   #字符串不可修改
10 >>> s[0]='b'
11 Traceback (most recent call last):
12   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
13 TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
14 >>> 

4.通过extend()方法学习什么是可迭代的?

1 help(list.extend)  #extend的参数必须是可迭代的。
2 
3 extend(...) L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable
1 >>> l=[1,2,3]
2 >>> s='python'
3 >>> lst=[7,8,9]
4 >>> lst.extend(l) #列表是可迭代的
5 >>> lst
6 [7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3] 
7 >>> lst.extend(s) 为啥?
8 >>> lst
9 [7, 8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 'p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']

   >>> i=8     #整型不是可迭代的
   >>> lst.extend(i)
   Traceback (most recent call last):
   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
   TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

   这就报错了。错误提示中告诉我们,那个数字 8,是 int 类型的对象,不是 iterable 的

这里用内建函数 hasattr()判断一个字符串和列表是否是可迭代的?——得出字符串不是可迭代的,而列表是可迭代的(这里不太懂,为啥字符串不是可迭代的呢,和上面矛盾啊)

1 >>> str='python'
2 >>> hasattr(str,'__iter__')
3 False
4 >>> lst=[1,2]
5 >>> hasattr(lst,'__iter__')
6 True

hasattr()的判断本质就是看那个类型中是否有__iter__函数。还可以用 dir()找一找,在数字、字符串、列表中,谁有__iter__。同样还可找一找 元组,字典两种类型对象是否含有这个方法。

5.列表重要特征:

列表是可以修改的。这种修改,不是复制一个新的,而是在原地进行修改。

没有返回值,即不能赋值给某个变量。

1 >>> lst=[7,8,9]
2 >>> id(lst)
3 139795244578144
4 >>> lst.append(5)
5 >>> lst
6 [7, 8, 9, 5]
7 >>> id(lst)
8 139795244578144
1 >>> a=[1,2,3]
2 >>> b=a.extend([4,5,6]) #a原地修改了,没有返回值
3 >>> b          #所以b什么也没有得到
4 >>> a
5 [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

 

6.列表生成式 

1 >>> [x*x for x in range(1, 11) if x%2==0]
2 [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]
3 >>> [m+n for m in 'abc' for n in 'asd']  #两层循环
4 ['aa', 'as', 'ad', 'ba', 'bs', 'bd', 'ca', 'cs', 'cd']

 7.字符串和列表比较

都属于序列类型的数据,很多方法很类似总结

list 和 str 的最大区别是:list 是可以改变的,str 不可变 

二、元组


元组是不可修改不可变的,有序的,可迭代的,有索引和切片

1.元组的全部方法

如:(11,22,33)、('zhenghao', 'xiaokai')

1 1 >>> dir(tuple)
2 2 ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index'] 
 1 Help on class tuple in module __builtin__:
 2 
 3 class tuple(object)
 4  |  tuple() -> empty tuple
 5  |  tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items
 6  |  
 7  |  If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.
 8  |  
 9  |  Methods defined here:
10  |  
11  |  __add__(...)
12  |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y
13  |  
14  |  __contains__(...)
15  |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x
16  |  
17  |  __eq__(...)
18  |      x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y
19  |  
20  |  __ge__(...)
21  |      x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y
22  |  
23  |  __getattribute__(...)
24  |      x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name
25  |  
26  |  __getitem__(...)
27  |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]
28  |  
29  |  __getnewargs__(...)
30  |  
31  |  __getslice__(...)
32  |      x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j]
33  |      
34  |      Use of negative indices is not supported.
35  |  
36  |  __gt__(...)
37  |      x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y
38  |  
39  |  __hash__(...)
40  |      x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)
41  |  
42  |  __iter__(...)
43  |      x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)
44  |  
45  |  __le__(...)
46  |      x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y
47  |  
48  |  __len__(...)
49  |      x.__len__() <==> len(x)
50  |  
51  |  __lt__(...)
52  |      x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y
53  |  
54  |  __mul__(...)
55  |      x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n
56  |  
57  |  __ne__(...)
58  |      x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y
59  |  
60  |  __repr__(...)
61  |      x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)
62  |  
63  |  __rmul__(...)
64  |      x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x
65  |  
66  |  count(...)
67  |      T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value
68  |  
69  |  index(...)
70  |      T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
71  |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
72  |  
73  |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
74  |  Data and other attributes defined here:
75  |  
76  |  __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object>
77  |      T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T
78 
79 None
View Code

2.元组和字符串,列表的比较

tuple 是一种序列类型的数据,这点上跟 list/str 类似。它的特点就是其中的元素不能更改所以也就没有添加,删除,修改等方法,这点上跟列表不同,倒是跟字符串类似;它的元素又可以是任何类型的数据,这点上跟 list 相同,但不同于 str。

 1 >>> tup=(1, 'python', [3,4], (5,6)) #元组的元素可以任意类型,和列表类似
 2 >>> tup[1]  #元组的索引,是序列类型
 3 'python'
 4 >>> tup[1]=2  #元组元素不可原地修改,和字符串类似
 5 Traceback (most recent call last):
 6   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 7 TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
 8 >>> tup.append(2) #元素不可更改,没有此方法,和str类似
 9 Traceback (most recent call last):
10   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
11 AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

   >>> tup[2][0] 
   3
   >>> tup[2].append(5) #元组的元素之一为列表,所以通过修改列表,元组样子改变了,但是注意元组的元素还不没变
   >>> tup
   (1, 'python', [3, 4, 5], (5, 6))

 

3.元组的索引和切片

4.tuple 用在哪里?

既然它是 list 和 str 的杂合,它有什么用途呢?不是用 list 和 str 都可以了吗?

在很多时候,的确是用 list 和 str 都可以了。但是,看官不要忘记,我们用计算机语言解决的问题不都是简单问题,就如同我们的自然语言一样,虽然有的词汇看似可有可无,用别的也能替换之,但是我们依然需要在某些情况下使用它们.

一般认为,tuple 有这类特点,并且也是它使用的情景:

  • Tuple 比 list 操作速度快。如果您定义了一个值的常量集,并且唯一要用它做的是不断地遍历它,请使用 tuple 代替 list。
  • 如果对不需要修改的数据进行 “写保护”,可以使代码更安全。使用 tuple 而不是 list 如同拥有一个隐含的 assert 语句,说明这一数据是常量。如果必须要改变这些值,则需要执行 tuple 到 list 的转换 (需要使用一个特殊的函数)。
  • Tuples 可以在 dictionary(字典,后面要讲述) 中被用做 key,但是 list 不行。Dictionary key 必须是不可变的。Tuple 本身是不可改变的,但是如果您有一个 list 的 tuple,那就认为是可变的了,用做 dictionary key 就是不安全的。只有字符串、整数或其它对 dictionary 安全的 tuple 才可以用作 dictionary key。
  • Tuples 可以用在字符串格式化中。

三、字典


字典是可修改可变的,无序的,无索引和切片,可迭代的,键不可以是可变的(list,dict)而且不能重复(键都是唯一的),值可以是任意类型,可存储任意多的对象

dict(dictory)也被称为关联数组或哈希表

1.字典的全部方法

如:{'name': 'zhenghao', 'age': 18} 、{'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 8000]}

1 >>> dir(dict)
2 ['__class__', '__cmp__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'has_key', 'items', 'iteritems', 'iterkeys', 'itervalues', 'keys', 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values', 'viewitems', 'viewkeys', 'viewvalues']

2.字典的常用方法

  1 class dict(object):
  2     """
  3     dict() -> new empty dictionary
  4     dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
  5         (key, value) pairs
  6     dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
  7         d = {}
  8         for k, v in iterable:
  9             d[k] = v
 10     dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
 11         in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
 12     """
 13 
 14     def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 15         """ 清除内容 """
 16         """ D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D. """
 17         pass
 18 
 19     def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 20         """ 浅拷贝 """
 21         """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
 22         pass
 23 
 24     @staticmethod # known case
 25     def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 26         """
 27         dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v.
 28         v defaults to None.
 29         """
 30         pass
 31 
 32     def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 33         """ 根据key获取值,d是默认值 """
 34         """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None. """
 35         pass
 36 
 37     def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 38         """ 是否有key """
 39         """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
 40         return False
 41 
 42     def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 43         """ 所有项的列表形式 """
 44         """ D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """
 45         return []
 46 
 47     def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 48         """ 项可迭代 """
 49         """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """
 50         pass
 51 
 52     def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 53         """ key可迭代 """
 54         """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """
 55         pass
 56 
 57     def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 58         """ value可迭代 """
 59         """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """
 60         pass
 61 
 62     def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 63         """ 所有的key列表 """
 64         """ D.keys() -> list of D's keys """
 65         return []
 66 
 67     def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 68         """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
 69         """
 70         D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
 71         If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
 72         """
 73         pass
 74 
 75     def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 76         """ 获取并在字典中移除 """
 77         """
 78         D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
 79         2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
 80         """
 81         pass
 82 
 83     def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 84         """ 如果key不存在,则创建,如果存在,则返回已存在的值且不修改 """
 85         """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
 86         pass
 87 
 88     def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
 89         """ 更新
 90             {'name':'alex', 'age': 18000}
 91             [('name','sbsbsb'),]
 92         """
 93         """
 94         D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
 95         If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
 96         If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
 97         In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
 98         """
 99         pass
100 
101     def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
102         """ 所有的值 """
103         """ D.values() -> list of D's values """
104         return []
105 
106     def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
107         """ 所有项,只是将内容保存至view对象中 """
108         """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
109         pass
110 
111     def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
112         """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
113         pass
114 
115     def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
116         """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
117         pass
118 
119     def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
120         """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """
121         pass
122 
123     def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
124         """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """
125         return False
126 
127     def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
128         """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """
129         pass
130 
131     def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
132         """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """
133         pass
134 
135     def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
136         """ x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name """
137         pass
138 
139     def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
140         """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
141         pass
142 
143     def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
144         """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """
145         pass
146 
147     def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
148         """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """
149         pass
150 
151     def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
152         """
153         dict() -> new empty dictionary
154         dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
155             (key, value) pairs
156         dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
157             d = {}
158             for k, v in iterable:
159                 d[k] = v
160         dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
161             in the keyword argument list.  For example:  dict(one=1, two=2)
162         # (copied from class doc)
163         """
164         pass
165 
166     def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
167         """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """
168         pass
169 
170     def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
171         """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """
172         pass
173 
174     def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
175         """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """
176         pass
177 
178     def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
179         """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """
180         pass
181 
182     @staticmethod # known case of __new__
183     def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
184         """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """
185         pass
186 
187     def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
188         """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """
189         pass
190 
191     def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
192         """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """
193         pass
194 
195     def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
196         """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """
197         pass
198 
199     def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
200         """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
201         pass
202 
203     __hash__ = None
204 
205 dict
206 
207 dict code
help(dict)

        字典是python数据类型中的一大亮点,在其中占有着独特的地位,在这里先介绍一下字典的特性,和list不同,字典是无序的,没有索引和切片,它依靠key和value之间的联系进行索引,由于这种特殊的索引方式,字典中不可以有重复的key

(1)keys/values/items:取所有字典的key/取所有字典的value/取所有字典的key,value

1 >>> dic={'name':'zhenghao', 'age':20}
2 >>> dic.keys()
3 ['age', 'name']
4 >>> dic.values()
5 [20, 'zhenghao']
6 >>> dic.items()
7 [('age', 20), ('name', 'zhenghao')]

(2)已知key的情况下,获取value的值时可以使用‘字典名[key值]’的方法,在循环遍历中,尽管字典提供了for k,v in dic.items()的方法,但是为了避免占用内存空间,我们还是遍历key,再利用key的值就可以获取到value啦!

    get:字典名[key值]的方式有一点弊端,那就是当key值不存在的时候会报错,这个时候我们使用get方法,可以避免报错的情况

 1 >>> dic={'name':'zhenghao', 'age':20}
 2 >>> for n in dic:  #循环时默认循环的是keys
 3 ...     print 'key:', n, 'value:', dic[n]
 4 ... 
 5 key: age value: 20  
 6 key: name value: zhenghao
 7 >>> dic['name'] 
 8 'zhenghao'
 9 >>> dic['score']  #会报错
10 Traceback (most recent call last):
11   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
12 KeyError: 'score'
13 >>> dic.get('name')
14 'zhenghao'
15 >>> dic.get('score') #不会报错
16 >>> 
17 >>>dic.get('score', -1) #不会报错,默认-1
18 -1
19 >>>'score' in dic #也不会报错
20 False

(3)clear:清空字典

1 >>> dic.get('score')
2 >>> dic={'name':'zhenghao', 'age':20}
3 >>> dic.clear()
4 >>> dic
5 {}
6 >>> 

(4)pop:根据指定的key删除一组数据

   popitem:随机的删除一组数据。。。我觉得这就是python在逗我。。。

(5)setdefault:dic.setdefault[key1],key1存在,则返回value1,不存在,则自动创建value = 'None'

1 >>> dic={'name':'zhenghao'}
2 >>> dic.setdefault('name')
3 'zhenghao'
4 >>> dic.setdefault('age')
5 >>> dic
6 {'age': None, 'name': 'zhenghao'}
7 >>> 

(6)update:dict1.update(dict2),判断dict2中的每一个key在dict1中是否存在,存在:就将dict1中的value更新成dict2中的,不存在:将key和value都复制过去

 1 >>> dic
 2 {'age': None, 'name': 'E'}
 3 >>> dic1 = dic
 4 >>> 
 5 >>> dic1
 6 {'age': None, 'name': 'E'}
 7 >>> dic2 = {'age': 18, 'name': 'E','gender':'female'}
 8 >>> dic1.update(dic2)
 9 >>> dic1
10 {'name': 'E', 'gender': 'female', 'age': 18}

(7)fromkeys:可以通过list或元组创建一个字典,

  dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'test'),可以创建一个字典,但是如果a.fromkeys([1,2,3],[]},创建的字典的值都是一个空列表,那么其中一个列表的值发生了变化,所有的列表都会跟着发生变化,因为这个方法就是很傻很天真的把所有value的指针指向了同一个列表。所以感觉这个方法也是逗我玩儿的。。。

>>> a = dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'test')
>>> a
{1: 'test', 2: 'test', 3: 'test'}
>>> a = dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],[])
>>> a[1].append('test')
>>> a
{1: ['test'], 2: ['test'], 3: ['test']}

3.字典可以嵌套:

 

1 >>> a_list = [[1,2,3],[4,5],[6,7]]  
2 >>> a_list[1][1]  
3 5  
4 >>> a_dict = {1:{"name":"qiwsir"},2:"python","email":"qiwsir@gmail.com"}  
5 >>> a_dict  
6 {1: {'name': 'qiwsir'}, 2: 'python', 'email': 'qiwsir@gmail.com'}  
7 >>> a_dict[1]['name']  #一个嵌套的dict访问其值的方法:一层一层地写出键  
8 'qiwsir

 

4.获取键、值

在上一讲中,已经知道可以通过dict的键得到其值。例上面的例子。

还有别的方法得到键值吗?有!python一般不是只有一个方法实现某个操作的

 
 1 >>> website = {1:"google","second":"baidu",3:"facebook","twitter":4}  
 2   
 3 >>>#用d.keys()的方法得到dict的所有键,结果是list  
 4 >>> website.keys()  
 5 [1, 'second', 3, 'twitter']  
 6   
 7 >>>#用d.values()的方法得到dict的所有值,如果里面没有嵌套别的dict,结果是list  
 8 >>> website.values()  
 9 ['google', 'baidu', 'facebook', 4]  
10   
11 >>>#用items()的方法得到了一组一组的键值对,  
12 >>>#结果是list,只不过list里面的元素是元组  
13 >>> website.items()  
14 [(1, 'google'), ('second', 'baidu'), (3, 'facebook'), ('twitter', 4)]  

 

从上面的结果中,我们就可以看出,还可以用for语句循环得到相应内容。例如:

 1 >>> for key in website.keys():  
 2 ...   print key,type(key)  
 3 ...   
 4 1 <type 'int'>  
 5 second <type 'str'>  
 6 3 <type 'int'>  
 7 twitter <type 'str'>  
 8   
 9 >>>#下面的方法和上面的方法是一样的  
10 >>> for key in website:  
11 ...   print key,type(key)  
12 ...   
13 1 <type 'int'>  
14 second <type 'str'>  
15 3 <type 'int'>  
16 twitter <type 'str'>  


以下两种方法等效:

 1 >>> for value in website.values():  
 2 ...   print value  
 3 ...   
 4 google  
 5 baidu  
 6 facebook  
 7 4  
 8   
 9 >>> for key in website:  
10 ...   print website[key]  
11 ...   
12 google  
13 baidu  
14 facebook  
15 4  

下面的方法又是等效的:

 1 >>> for k,v in website.items():  
 2 ...   print str(k)+":"+str(v)  
 3 ...   
 4 1:google  
 5 second:baidu  
 6 3:facebook  
 7 twitter:4  
 8   
 9 >>> for k in website:  
10 ...   print str(k)+":"+str(website[k])  
11 ...   
12 1:google  
13 second:baidu  
14 3:facebook  
15 twitter:4  

 

下面的方法也能得到键值,不过似乎要多敲键盘

1 >>> website  
2 {1: 'google', 'second': 'baidu', 3: 'facebook', 'twitter': 4}  
3 >>> website.get(1)     
4 'google'  
5 >>> website.get("second")  
6 'baidu'  

 

 

3.字典可以原地修改

1 >>> dic={}
2 >>> id(dic)
3 139795272803784
4 >>> dic['name']='zhenghao' #直接给键值
5 >>> dic
6 {'name': 'zhenghao'}
7 >>> id(dic)
8 139795272803784
9 >>> 

 

3.字典的几种创建方法

 1 >>> dic={}  1 #空字典,原地修改,往里面添键值
 2 >>> dic
 3 {}
 4 >>> 
 5 >>> dic['name']='zhenghao'
 6 >>> dic
 7 {'name': 'zhenghao'}
 8 >>> 
 9 >>> dic2={'name':'zhenghao', 'age':20} 2 #直接给键值
10 >>> dic2
11 {'age': 20, 'name': 'zhenghao'}
12 >>>
>>> dic3=(['name', 'zhenghao'], ['age', '20']) 3 #用dict()方法,利用元组构造字典 13 >>> ifo=dict(dic3) 14 >>> ifo 15 {'age': '20', 'name': 'zhenghao'} 16 >>> 17 >>> ifo=dict(name='zhenghao', age=20) #用dict()方法 18 >>> ifo 19 {'age': 20, 'name': 'zhenghao'} 20 >>> 21 >>> ifo={}.fromkeys(('name1', 'name2'), 'zhenghao') 4 #用fromkeys()方法,注意:这种方法是重新建立一个dict 22 >>> ifo 23 {'name2': 'zhenghao', 'name1': 'zhenghao'} 24 >>> 25 >>> ifo={}.fromkeys(['name1', 'name2'], 'zhenghao') 26 >>> ifo 27 {'name2': 'zhenghao', 'name1': 'zhenghao'} 28 >>> 29 >>> dic3={(1,2):1} #在字典中的键必须是不可变数据,值可以是任何类型 30 >>> dic3 31 {(1, 2): 1} 32 >>> 33 >>> dic3={[1,2]:1} #这里列表不可以做字典的键,因为是可变的数据类型,列表和字典是可变的,整数和字符串和元组都是不可变的 34 Traceback (most recent call last): 35 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 36 TypeError: unhashable type: 'list' 37 >>>

    >>> dic3={{'s':2}:1}
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'

 

 

4.字典练习题

1 练习:元素分类
2 有如下值集合 [11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90...],将所有大于 66 的值保存至字典的第一个key中,将小于等于 66 的值保存至第二个key的值中。
3 即: {'k1': 大于66 , 'k2': 小于等于66}

回答:

a=[11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
dict1={'k1':[],'k2':[]}

for i in a:
    if i >66:
        dict1['k1'].append(i)
    else:
        dict1['k2'].append(i)
print dict1

最好的是用下面的方法来动态的扩展字典:
a=[11,22,33,44,55,66,77,88,99,90]
dict1={}  #动态的增加字典

for i in a:
    if i >66:
        if 'k1' in dict1.keys():
            dict1['k1'].append(i)
        else:
            dict1['k1'] = [i,]
    else:
        if 'k2' in dict1.keys():
            dict1['k2'].append(i)
        else:
            dict1['k2'] = [i,]
print dict1

 

四、set集合


集合是不可重复的(dict的键),有的可修改可变,有的不可修改不可变(冷冻的集合),无序的,无索引和切片,无序的

1.集合的全部方法

set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合

1 >>> dir(set)
2 ['__and__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iand__', '__init__', '__ior__', '__isub__', '__iter__', '__ixor__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__or__', '__rand__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__ror__', '__rsub__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__xor__', 'add', 'clear', 'copy', 'difference', 'difference_update', 'discard', 'intersection', 'intersection_update', 'isdisjoint', 'issubset', 'issuperset', 'pop', 'remove', 'symmetric_difference', 'symmetric_difference_update', 'union', 'update']
3 >>> 

2.集合的常用方法(可修改可变的):

 1.add():

 

1 >>> a_set = {}       #我想当然地认为这样也可以建立一个set  
2 >>> a_set.add("q")   #报错.看看错误信息,居然告诉我dict没有add.我分明建立的是set呀.  
3 Traceback (most recent call last):  
4  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>  
5 AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'add'  
6 >>> type(a_set)       #type之后发现,计算机认为我建立的是一个dict     
7 <type 'dict'> 

 

特别说明一下,{ }这个东西,在dict和set中都用.但是,如上面的方法建立的是dict,不是set.这是python规定的.要建立set,只能用下面介绍的方法了

2.update():合并

1 >>> a={1,2}
2 >>> s={'a','s'}
3 >>> a.update(s)
4 >>> a
5 set(['a', 1, 2, 's'])
6 >>> s
7 set(['a', 's'])
8 >>> 

3.pop():删除任意一个

 1 >>> s={1,2,3,'qer'}
 2 >>> s.pop()
 3 3
 4 >>> s
 5 set([1, 2, 'qer'])
 6 >>> s.pop()
 7 1
 8 >>> s
 9 set([2, 'qer'])
10 >>> 

4.remove():删除指定元素

>>> s={1,2,3,'qer'}
>>> s.remove(1)
>>> s
set([3, 2, 'qer'])
>>> s.remove('qer')
>>> s
set([3, 2])
>>> 

5.clear():删除所有

1 >>> s={1,2,3,'qer'}
2 >>> s.clear()
3 >>> s
4 set([])
5 >>> 

 

 

 2.集合的创建

set和dict类似,也是一组key的集合,但不存储value。由于key不能重复,所以,在set中,没有重复的key。它的特点是:有的可变,有的不可变;元素无次序,不可重复。无序所以没有索引不能切片。

 1 >>> s=set('zhenghao') 2 #用set()方法创建
 2 >>> s
 3 set(['a', 'e', 'g', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'z']) #可看出集合是不可重复的,无序的
 4 >>> 
 5 >>> s2=set([20, 'zhenghao', 20, 'xiaokai']) #用list创建集合,元素可以是int,str,tuple不可变的
 6 >>> s2
 7 set(['zhenghao', 20, 'xiaokai'])
 8 >>> 
 9 >>> s3={'zhenghao', 20}  1 #直接用{}创建
10 >>> s3
11 set(['zhenghao', 20])

3.集合里的元素应该都是不可变的

 1 >>> s={2, 'zheng', [1,2,3], (3,4,5)}
 2 Traceback (most recent call last):
 3   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 4 TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'          #集合元素有列表,列表是可变的,所以报错
 5 >>> 
 6 >>> s={2, 'zheng', (3,4,5), {1:2,'d':4}}
 7 Traceback (most recent call last):
 8   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 9 TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'          #字典也是可变的,不可哈希”(unhashable)就是其可变,如 list/dict,都能原地修改
10 >>> 

4.集合是无序的,没有索引

1 >>> s={2, 'zheng', (3,4,5)}
2 >>> s[1]='xiao'                 #集合没有索引值
3 Traceback (most recent call last):
4   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
5 TypeError: 'set' object does not support item assignment
6 >>> 

set可以看成数学意义上的无序和无重复元素的集合,因此,两个set可以做数学意义上的交集、并集等操作:

1 >>> s1 = set([1, 2, 3])
2 >>> s2 = set([2, 3, 4])
3 >>> s1 & s2
4 {2, 3}
5 >>> s1 | s2
6 {1, 2, 3, 4}

 冷冻的集合,集合的运算等http://www.lai18.com/content/384856.html

 

 

 

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