Python爬虫框架Scrapy
Scrapy框架
1、Scrapy框架安装
直接通过这里安装scrapy会提示报错：
error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required <Unable to find vcvarsall.bat>
building 'twisted test.raiser' extension error:Unable to find cyarsall.bat
Failed building wheel for lxml
解决方法：
在http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/有很多用于windows的编译好的Python第三方库，我们下载好对应自己Python版本的库即可。
- 在cmd中输入指令python，查看python的版本，如下：
从上图可以看出可以看出我的Python版本为Python3.7.1-64bit。
- 登陆http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/，Ctrl+F搜索Lxml、Twisted、Scrapy，下载对应的版本，例如：lxml-3.7.3-cp35-cp35m-win_adm64.whl，表示lxml的版本为3.7.3，对应的python版本为3.5-64bit。我下载的版本如下图所示：
- 在cmd中输入DOS指令，进入下载好的whl文件夹下，例如我的三个whl文件放在了Scrapy文件夹下：
-
依次执行如下命令：
需要先安装pip：
下载完成之后，随便解压到一个文件夹，最好解压到python文件夹，用CMD控制台进入解压目录，即 cd *****（地址），输入：
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\pip-18.1> python setup.py install
creating 'dist\pip-18.1-py3.7.egg' and adding 'build\bdist.win-amd64\egg' to it
removing 'build\bdist.win-amd64\egg' (and everything under it)
Processing pip-18.1-py3.7.egg
creating d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages\pip-18.1-py3.7.egg
Extracting pip-18.1-py3.7.egg to d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages
Adding pip 18.1 to easy-install.pth file
Installing pip-script.py script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installing pip.exe script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installing pip3-script.py script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installing pip3.exe script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installing pip3.7-script.py script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installing pip3.7.exe script to D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\Python37\Scripts
Installed d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages\pip-18.1-py3.7.egg
Processing dependencies for pip==18.1
Finished processing dependencies for pip==18.1
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\pip-18.1>
安装好之后，我们直接在命令行输入pip，同样会显示‘pip’不是内部命令，也不是可运行的程序。因为我们还没有添加环境变量。
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\pip-18.1> pip
Usage:
pip <command> [options]
Commands:
install Install packages.
download Download packages.
uninstall Uninstall packages.
freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.
list List installed packages.
show Show information about installed packages.
check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
config Manage local and global configuration.
search Search PyPI for packages.
wheel Build wheels from your requirements.
hash Compute hashes of package archives.
completion A helper command used for command completion.
help Show help for commands.
General Options:
-h, --help Show help.
--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
-V, --version Show version and exit.
-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
--log <path> Path to a verbose appending log.
--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form [user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort).
--trusted-host <hostname> Mark this host as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any HTTPS.
--cert <path> Path to alternate CA bundle.
--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the certificate in PEM format.
--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.
--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index.
--no-color Suppress colored output
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\pip-18.1>
pip install Wheel #1) 先安装whell
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\scrapy> pip install .\lxml-4.2.5-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl # 2) 安装lxml
Processing d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\others\scrapy\lxml-4.2.5-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Installing collected packages: lxml
Successfully installed lxml-4.2.5
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\scrapy> pip install .\Twisted-18.9.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl # 3) 安装twisted
Processing d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\others\scrapy\twisted-18.9.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Collecting Automat>=0.3.0 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a3/86/14c16bb98a5a3542ed8fed5d74fb064a902de3bdd98d6584b34553353c45/Automat-0.7.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zope.interface>=4.4.2 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a8/d2/e2fb1052cdf1c1d05a23c5f7a192a8dc104d5afda0539f86b9839264e1cc/zope.interface-4.6.0-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Collecting incremental>=16.10.1 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f5/1d/c98a587dc06e107115cf4a58b49de20b19222c83d75335a192052af4c4b7/incremental-17.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting PyHamcrest>=1.9.0 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9a/d5/d37fd731b7d0e91afcc84577edeccf4638b4f9b82f5ffe2f8b62e2ddc609/PyHamcrest-1.9.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting constantly>=15.1 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b9/65/48c1909d0c0aeae6c10213340ce682db01b48ea900a7d9fce7a7910ff318/constantly-15.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting attrs>=17.4.0 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3a/e1/5f9023cc983f1a628a8c2fd051ad19e76ff7b142a0faf329336f9a62a514/attrs-18.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting hyperlink>=17.1.1 (from Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a7/b6/84d0c863ff81e8e7de87cff3bd8fd8f1054c227ce09af1b679a8b17a9274/hyperlink-18.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting six (from Automat>=0.3.0->Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/73/fb/00a976f728d0d1fecfe898238ce23f502a721c0ac0ecfedb80e0d88c64e9/six-1.12.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from zope.interface>=4.4.2->Twisted==18.9.0) (39.0.1)
Collecting idna>=2.5 (from hyperlink>=17.1.1->Twisted==18.9.0)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/14/2c/cd551d81dbe15200be1cf41cd03869a46fe7226e7450af7a6545bfc474c9/idna-2.8-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: attrs, six, Automat, zope.interface, incremental, PyHamcrest, constantly, idna, hyperlink, Twisted
Successfully installed Automat-0.7.0 PyHamcrest-1.9.0 Twisted-18.9.0 attrs-18.2.0 constantly-15.1.0 hyperlink-18.0.0 idna-2.8 incremental-17.5.0 six-1.12.0 zope.interface-4.6.0
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\scrapy>
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\scrapy> pip install .\Scrapy-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl # 4) 安装scrapy
Processing d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\others\scrapy\scrapy-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: lxml in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Scrapy==1.5.1) (4.2.5)
Collecting parsel>=1.1 (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/96/69/d1d5dba5e4fecd41ffd71345863ed36a45975812c06ba77798fc15db6a64/parsel-1.5.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting pyOpenSSL (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/96/af/9d29e6bd40823061aea2e0574ccb2fcf72bfd6130ce53d32773ec375458c/pyOpenSSL-18.0.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: Twisted>=13.1.0 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Scrapy==1.5.1) (18.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5.2 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Scrapy==1.5.1) (1.12.0)
Collecting w3lib>=1.17.0 (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/37/94/40c93ad0cadac0f8cb729e1668823c71532fd4a7361b141aec535acb68e3/w3lib-1.19.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting cssselect>=0.9 (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7b/44/25b7283e50585f0b4156960691d951b05d061abf4a714078393e51929b30/cssselect-1.0.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting PyDispatcher>=2.0.5 (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/37/39aca520918ce1935bea9c356bcbb7ed7e52ad4e31bff9b943dfc8e7115b/PyDispatcher-2.0.5.tar.gz
Collecting queuelib (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4c/85/ae64e9145f39dd6d14f8af3fa809a270ef3729f3b90b3c0cf5aa242ab0d4/queuelib-1.5.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting service-identity (from Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/e9/7c/2195b890023e098f9618d43ebc337d83c8b38d414326685339eb024db2f6/service_identity-18.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting cryptography>=2.2.1 (from pyOpenSSL->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/c7/2b97b9af3b16ea45aeabd5fe7eb07902c0c24c5d596b68f677c1f50ae55e/cryptography-2.4.2-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Requirement already satisfied: zope.interface>=4.4.2 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (4.6.0)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (18.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: Automat>=0.3.0 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (0.7.0)
Requirement already satisfied: constantly>=15.1 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (15.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: hyperlink>=17.1.1 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (18.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: PyHamcrest>=1.9.0 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (1.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: incremental>=16.10.1 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (17.5.0)
Collecting pyasn1-modules (from service-identity->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/19/02/fa63f7ba30a0d7b925ca29d034510fc1ffde53264b71b4155022ddf3ab5d/pyasn1_modules-0.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting pyasn1 (from service-identity->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d1/a1/7790cc85db38daa874f6a2e6308131b9953feb1367f2ae2d1123bb93a9f5/pyasn1-0.4.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: idna>=2.1 in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from cryptography>=2.2.1->pyOpenSSL->Scrapy==1.5.1) (2.8)
Collecting cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.7 (from cryptography>=2.2.1->pyOpenSSL->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/f2/e375b7469a2dfe9d1feac81a10df97f18cd771b9a10ac62ca9864b760f7c/cffi-1.11.5-cp37-cp37m-win_amd64.whl
Collecting asn1crypto>=0.21.0 (from cryptography>=2.2.1->pyOpenSSL->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ea/cd/35485615f45f30a510576f1a56d1e0a7ad7bd8ab5ed7cdc600ef7cd06222/asn1crypto-0.24.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in d:\work\setup\script_code_language\python\python37\lib\site-packages (from zope.interface>=4.4.2->Twisted>=13.1.0->Scrapy==1.5.1) (39.0.1)
Collecting pycparser (from cffi!=1.11.3,>=1.7->cryptography>=2.2.1->pyOpenSSL->Scrapy==1.5.1)
Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/68/9e/49196946aee219aead1290e00d1e7fdeab8567783e83e1b9ab5585e6206a/pycparser-2.19.tar.gz
Building wheels for collected packages: PyDispatcher, pycparser
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for PyDispatcher ... done
Stored in directory: C:\Users\ASUS\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\88\99\96\cfef6665f9cb1522ee6757ae5955feedf2fe25f1737f91fa7f
Running setup.py bdist_wheel for pycparser ... done
Stored in directory: C:\Users\ASUS\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\f2\9a\90\de94f8556265ddc9d9c8b271b0f63e57b26fb1d67a45564511
Successfully built PyDispatcher pycparser
Installing collected packages: cssselect, w3lib, parsel, pycparser, cffi, asn1crypto, cryptography, pyOpenSSL, PyDispatcher, queuelib, pyasn1, pyasn1-modules, service-identity, Scrapy
Successfully installed PyDispatcher-2.0.5 Scrapy-1.5.1 asn1crypto-0.24.0 cffi-1.11.5 cryptography-2.4.2 cssselect-1.0.3 parsel-1.5.1 pyOpenSSL-18.0.0 pyasn1-0.4.4 pyasn1-modules-0.2.2 pycparser-2.19 queuelib-1.5.0 service-identity-18.1.0 w3lib-1.19.0
PS D:\work\setup\script_code_language\Python\others\scrapy>
这样Scrapy的安装就完成了，请忽略最后两行让我升级pip的信息。*.*
-
Srapy已经安装成功，还要下载pywin32，找到对应版本下载，一路下一步安装即可。安装完成后，就可以正常使用Scrapy了。
https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/files/pywin32/Build 221/
至此，大功告成，我们可以愉快的使用Scrapy了。
Scrapy笔记
scrapy使用
1、创建scrapy项目
scrapy startproject mySpider
2、编写第一个scrapy爬虫
#可以用于调试xpath或css选择器
scrapy shell https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%90%A7
运行爬虫
scrapy crawl first_spider #first_spider是你在类中定义的name值
爬取李毅吧下的第一页贴子链接和文本：
import scrapy
class firstSpider(scrapy.Spider):
# # 构造方法
# def __init__(self, name, age):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
name = 'first_spider'
def start_requests(self):# 此方法用于通过链接爬取页面
# 爬取页面的链接
urls = [
"https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%90%A7"
]
yield scrapy.Request(urls[0], callback=self.parse) # 爬取页面内容后如何处理通过self.parse来执行
# 定义回调函数
def parse(self, response):
# 指定规则下的所有a标签元素
xpath='//ul[@id="thread_list"]/li[@class=" j_thread_list clearfix"]//div[@class="threadlist_lz clearfix"]/div/a'
link_list = response.xpath(xpath)
for link in link_list:
href = link.xpath('@href').extract_first()
text = link.xpath('text()').extract_first()
print('text: %s, href: %s' % (text, href))
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
# 获得类的实例
# a = firstSpider('张三', 18)
# print('name: %s, age: %d' % (a.name, a.age))
爬取李毅吧下的下一页贴子链接和文本：
import scrapy
class firstSpider(scrapy.Spider):
# # 构造方法
# def __init__(self, name, age):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
name = 'second_spider'
def start_requests(self): # 此方法用于通过链接爬取页面
# 爬取页面的链接
urls = [
"https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%90%A7"
]
yield scrapy.Request(urls[0], callback=self.parse) # 爬取页面内容后如何处理通过self.parse来执行
# 定义回调函数
def parse(self, response):
# 指定规则下的所有a标签元素
xpath='//ul[@id="thread_list"]/li[@class=" j_thread_list clearfix"]//div[@class="threadlist_lz clearfix"]/div/a'
link_list = response.xpath(xpath)
filename = '李毅吧贴子内容.txt'
for link in link_list:
href = link.xpath('@href').extract_first()
text = link.xpath('text()').extract_first()
line = 'text: %s, href: %s' % (text, href)
print(line)
# 写文件
# a 追加到文件末尾
with open(filename, 'a', encoding='utf-8',) as f:
f.write(line)
f.write('\n')
# 爬取下一页的链接地址：css选择器
next_page = response.css('#frs_list_pager a:nth-last-child(2)::attr(href)').extract_first()
# 判断下一页是否不为空
if next_page is not None:
next_page = 'https:'+next_page
yield scrapy.Request(next_page, callback=self.parse)
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
# 获得类的实例
# a = firstSpider('张三', 18)
# print('name: %s, age: %d' % (a.name, a.age))
urls的简写形式
import scrapy
class firstSpider(scrapy.Spider):
# # 构造方法
# def __init__(self, name, age):
# self.name = name
# self.age = age
name = 'three_spider'
# 简化形式
start_urls = [
"https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%90%A7",
"https://www.baidu.com"
]
# def start_requests(self): # 此方法用于通过链接爬取页面
# # 爬取页面的链接
# urls = [
# "https://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%85%E5%90%A7"
# ]
#
# yield scrapy.Request(urls[0], callback=self.parse) # 爬取页面内容后如何处理通过self.parse来执行
# 定义回调函数
def parse(self, response):
# 指定规则下的所有a标签元素
xpath='//ul[@id="thread_list"]/li[@class=" j_thread_list clearfix"]//div[@class="threadlist_lz clearfix"]/div/a'
link_list = response.xpath(xpath)
for link in link_list:
href = link.xpath('@href').extract_first()
text = link.xpath('text()').extract_first()
print('text: %s, href: %s' % (text, href))
if __name__ == '__main__':
pass
# 获得类的实例
# a = firstSpider('张三', 18)
# print('name: %s, age: %d' % (a.name, a.age))