首页 > 解决方案 > 在python中实现softmax方法

问题描述

我试图从 lightaime 的 Github 页面中理解这段代码。它是一种向量化的 softmax 方法。让我困惑的是“softmax_output[range(num_train), list(y)]”

这个表达是什么意思?

def softmax_loss_vectorized(W, X, y, reg):


    """
    Softmax loss function, vectorize implementation
    Inputs have dimension D, there are C classes, and we operate on minibatches of N examples.

    Inputs:
        W: A numpy array of shape (D, C) containing weights.
        X: A numpy array of shape (N, D) containing a minibatch of data.
        y: A numpy array of shape (N,) containing training labels; y[i] = c means that X[i] has label c, where 0 <= c < C.
        reg: (float) regularization strength

    Returns a tuple of:
        loss as single float
        gradient with respect to weights W; an array of same shape as W
    """

    # Initialize the loss and gradient to zero.
    loss = 0.0
    dW = np.zeros_like(W)


    num_classes = W.shape[1]
    num_train = X.shape[0]
    scores = X.dot(W)
    shift_scores = scores - np.max(scores, axis = 1).reshape(-1,1)
    softmax_output = np.exp(shift_scores)/np.sum(np.exp(shift_scores), axis = 1).reshape(-1,1)
    loss = -np.sum(np.log(softmax_output[range(num_train), list(y)]))   
    loss /= num_train 
    loss +=  0.5* reg * np.sum(W * W)

    dS = softmax_output.copy()
    dS[range(num_train), list(y)] += -1
    dW = (X.T).dot(dS)
    dW = dW/num_train + reg* W
    return loss, dW

标签: pythonmachine-learningsoftmax

解决方案


softmax_output这个表达式的意思是:对一个形状数组进行切片(N, C),只从中提取与训练标签相关的值y

二维numpy.array可以用包含适当值的两个列表进行切片(即它们不应导致索引错误)

range(num_train)为第一个轴创建一个索引,允许在第二个索引的每一行中选择特定值 - list(y)。你可以在numpy 的 indexing 文档中找到它。

第一个索引 range_num 的长度等于softmax_output(= N) 的第一个维度。它指向矩阵的每一行;然后对于每一行,它通过索引第二部分中的相应值选择目标值 - list(y)

例子:

softmax_output = np.array(  # dummy values, not softmax
    [[1, 2, 3], 
     [4, 5, 6],
     [7, 8, 9],
     [10, 11, 12]]
)
num_train = 4  # length of the array
y = [2, 1, 0, 2]  # a labels; values for indexing along the second axis
softmax_output[range(num_train), list(y)]
Out:
[3, 5, 7, 12]

因此,它从第一行中选择第三个元素,从第二行中选择第二个元素,等等。这就是它的工作原理。

(ps我是否误解了您和您对“为什么”而不是“如何”感兴趣?)


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