python - 如何调出类对象？
问题描述
我刚刚完成了制作游戏“蛇”作为学习如何编程的练习，因为我刚接触编程大约 3 个月。
虽然游戏已经完成并按照我想要的方式运行，但我想尝试简化我的代码并尽可能减少行数，并且可能使脚本更整洁，因为我目前的大部分代码都聚集在 while 循环中.
到目前为止，我还没有触及类对象，我希望 while 循环中的所有内容都进入从while循环中调用的各个类，以减少其中的行数。
题外话：通过阅读脚本，我还能如何改进它以更有效地运行，包括简化一些代码，因为我可能过于复杂了？
我从 w3school 和其他编程教程中查找了如何使用类对象，但我仍然不完全理解它，因为它只显示了使用print. 我确实玩过并尝试了类对象示例，并尝试在不使用 print 的情况下调用它们，但我缺乏如何正确使用它们的知识。
from graphics import *
from threading import Timer
import keyboard, random, time
# configurations
width = 400
gridHeight = width
height = 470
timer = False
game = True
score = 0
bonus = 0
x = 70
y = 30
radius = 10
length = radius * 2
playerLength = 3
poisonLength = playerLength
i = 0
k = 0
pointRadius = 5
points = False
cherryPoints = False
key = "Right"
countDown = 0
# set coordinations
cX = 90
cY = 30
coordX = [10]
coordY = [10]
while coordX[len(coordX)-1] != width-10:
cX+=20
coordX.append(cX)
while coordY[len(coordY)-1] != 390:
cY+=20
coordY.append(cY)
randomX = random.choice(coordX)
randomY = random.choice(coordY)
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
poisonRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
poisonRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
# window set up
win = GraphWin("SNAKE", width, height, autoflush = False)
win.setBackground(color_rgb(15,15,15))
# grid
lineX = 20
while lineX < width:
gridX = Line(Point(lineX,0),Point(lineX,gridHeight))
gridX.setOutline(color_rgb(25,25,25))
gridX.draw(win)
lineX += 20
lineY = 20
while lineY <= gridHeight:
gridX = Line(Point(0,lineY),Point(width,lineY))
gridX.setOutline(color_rgb(25,25,25))
gridX.draw(win)
lineY += 20
# snake banner
UI = Rectangle(Point(0,400),Point(width,height))
UI.setFill(color_rgb(102,51,0))
UI.setOutline(color_rgb(102,51,0))
UI.draw(win)
snakeTitle = Text(Point(width/2,420),"SNAKE")
snakeTitle.setTextColor("green")
snakeTitle.setSize(20)
snakeTitle.draw(win)
scoreTitle = Text(Point(320,424),"SCORE")
scoreTitle.setTextColor("white")
scoreTitle.setSize(10)
scoreTitle.draw(win)
scoreUI = Text(Point(320,435),score)
scoreUI.setTextColor("white")
scoreUI.setSize(10)
scoreUI.draw(win)
# make player
player = {}
player[0] = Rectangle(Point(x-20-radius,y-radius), Point(x-20+radius, y+radius))
player[1] = Rectangle(Point(x-40-radius,y-radius), Point(x-40+radius, y+radius))
player[2] = Rectangle(Point(x-60-radius,y-radius), Point(x-60+radius, y+radius))
# make poison
poison = {}
def main():
global timer, scoreUI, score, bonus, playerLength, poisonLength, x, y, points, cherryPoints, randomX, randomY, cherryRandomX, cherryRandomY, poisonRandomX, poisonRandomY, key, countDown, k, game
while(game==True):
# score update
scoreUI.undraw()
scoreUI = Text(Point(320,435),score)
scoreUI.setTextColor("white")
scoreUI.setSize(10)
scoreUI.draw(win)
# generating new body blocks
if len(player) < playerLength:
i+=1
player[i] = player[i-1].clone()
# body following player
player[0].undraw()
for i in range(1,len(player)):
player[len(player)-i].undraw()
player[len(player)-i] = player[len(player)-i-1].clone()
player[len(player)-i].draw(win)
# update player's head coordinate
player[0] = Rectangle(Point(x-radius,y-radius), Point(x+radius,y+radius))
player[0].setFill("green")
player[0].setWidth(2)
player[0].draw(win)
# player movement
if keyboard.is_pressed("Up") and key != "Down":
key = "Up"
elif keyboard.is_pressed("Left") and key != "Right":
key = "Left"
elif keyboard.is_pressed("Down") and key != "Up":
key = "Down"
elif keyboard.is_pressed("Right") and key != "Left":
key = "Right"
if key == "Up":
y -= length
elif key == "Left":
x -= length
elif key == "Down":
y += length
elif key == "Right":
x += length
# point
if points == False: # generates new point when eaten
point = Rectangle(Point(randomX-pointRadius,randomY-pointRadius),Point(randomX+pointRadius,randomY+pointRadius))
point.setFill("white")
point.setWidth(2)
point.draw(win)
points = True
if player[0].getCenter().getX() == point.getCenter().getX() and player[0].getCenter().getY() == point.getCenter().getY(): # when player eats the point
point.undraw()
playerLength += 1
poisonLength += 1
score += 200+bonus
randomX = random.choice(coordX)
randomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(player)):
if (point.getCenter().getX() == player[i].getCenter().getX() and point.getCenter().getY() == player[i].getCenter().getY()) or (cherryPoints == True and cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() == point.getCenter().getX() and cherryPoint.getCenter().getY() == point.getCenter().getY()): # regenerate x and y coordinate if they share the same coordinate as player and cherry
randomX = random.choice(coordX)
randomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(poison)): # regenerate x and y coordinate if point shares the same coordinate to other array of poisons
if point.getCenter().getX() == poison[i].getCenter().getX() and point.getCenter().getY() == poison[i].getCenter().getY():
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
points = False
# cherry
if countDown == 150:
countDown = 0
if cherryPoints == False: # generates new cherry from countdown
cherryPoint = Rectangle(Point(cherryRandomX-pointRadius,cherryRandomY-pointRadius),Point(cherryRandomX+pointRadius,cherryRandomY+pointRadius))
cherryPoint.setFill(color_rgb(213,0,50))
cherryPoint.setWidth(2)
cherryPoint.draw(win)
cherryPoints = True
if cherryPoints == True:
for i in range(2, 6): # cherry blinks between countdown 40 to 100
if countDown == 20*i:
cherryPoint.undraw()
elif countDown == 10+(20*i):
cherryPoint.draw(win)
if countDown >= 100: # when countdown becomes 100, remove cherry and reset count down
cherryPoints = False
countDown = 0
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
if cherryPoints==True and player[0].getCenter().getX() == cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() and player[0].getCenter().getY() == cherryPoint.getCenter().getY(): # when player eats the cherry
cherryPoint.undraw()
score += 500
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(player)):
if (cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() == player[i].getCenter().getX() and cherryPoint.getCenter().getY() == player[i].getCenter().getY()) or (cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() == point.getCenter().getX() and cherryPoint.getCenter().getY() == point.getCenter().getY()): # regenerate x and y coordinate if they share the same coordinate as player and point
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(poison)): # regenerate x and y coordinate if cherry shares the same coordinate to other array of poisons
if cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() == poison[i].getCenter().getX() and cherryPoint.getCenter().getY() == poison[i].getCenter().getY():
cherryRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
cherryRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
cherryPoints = False
# poison
if poisonLength % 5 == 0: # generates a poison block each time the player size reaches the multiple of 5
poison[k] = Rectangle(Point(poisonRandomX-pointRadius,poisonRandomY-pointRadius),Point(poisonRandomX+pointRadius,poisonRandomY+pointRadius))
poison[k].setFill("green")
poison[k].setWidth(2)
poison[k].draw(win)
poisonRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
poisonRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(player)):
if (poison[k].getCenter().getX() == player[i].getCenter().getX() and poison[k].getCenter().getY() == player[i].getCenter().getY()) or (poison[k].getCenter().getX() == point.getCenter().getX() and poison[k].getCenter().getY() == point.getCenter().getY()) or (cherryPoints==True and poison[k].getCenter().getX() == cherryPoint.getCenter().getX() and poison[k].getCenter().getY() == cherryPoint.getCenter().getY()): # regenerate x and y coordinate if they share the same coordinate as player and point and cherry
poisonRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
poisonRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
for i in range(len(poison)):
if poison[k].getCenter().getX() == poison[i].getCenter().getX() and poison[k].getCenter().getY() == poison[i].getCenter().getY(): # regenerate x and y coordinate if new poison shares the same coordinate to other array of poisons
poisonRandomX = random.choice(coordX)
poisonRandomY = random.choice(coordY)
bonus+=50
k+=1
poisonLength+=1
# game over requirements
for i in range(len(poison)): # if player touches poison
if player[0].getCenter().getX() == poison[i].getCenter().getX() and player[0].getCenter().getY() == poison[i].getCenter().getY():
game = False
for i in range(2, len(player)): # if player touches its own body or reach out of window
if (player[0].getCenter().getX() == player[i].getCenter().getX() and player[0].getCenter().getY() == player[i].getCenter().getY()) or x < 0 or x > width or y < 0 or y > gridHeight:
game = False
# FPS
update(10)
countDown += 1
# GAME OVER
gameOver = Text(Point(width/2,200), "GAME OVER")
gameOver.setTextColor("red")
gameOver.setSize(30)
gameOver.draw(win)
update()
time.sleep(2)
win.close()
main()
理想情况下，结果应该用函数外部的各个类替换 while 循环中的每个代码，以减少 main() 函数中的行数并使脚本更易于阅读。
解决方案
类本质上只是包含各种属性和方法的代码包。
一个Snake类可能有一个身体每个部分的坐标列表（第一个是头部）。
class Snake:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.positions = [(x, y)]
def get_head(self):
return self.positions[0]
def move_forward(self):
self.positions.pop()
self.positions.insert(0, self.get_head()[1] + 1)
def move_backward(self):
self.positions.pop()
self.positions.insert(0, self.get_head()[1] - 1)
...
等等。在这个级别，类让您将对象视为具体实体，彼此不同但易于操作。
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