首页 > 解决方案 > ValueError:Series 的真值不明确。在尝试将函数与 pandas df 一起使用时使用 a.empty、a.bool()、a.item()、a.any() 或 a.all()

问题描述

我有以下代码导致以下错误。我认为错误来自循环部分while epsilon > tol:。我在“IV”列中添加了一个带有所需结果的小 df。

第 1478 行,在非零中 引发 ValueError(ValueError: Series 的真值不明确。使用 a.empty、a.bool()、a.item()、a.any() 或 a.all()。

def d(sigma, S, K, r, q, t):
    d1 = 1 / (sigma * np.sqrt(t)) * ( np.log(S/K) + (r - q + sigma**2/2) * t)
    d2 = d1 - sigma * np.sqrt(t)

    return d1, d2
def call_price(sigma, S, K, r, q, t, d1, d2):
    C = norm.cdf(d1) * S * np.exp(-q * t)- norm.cdf(d2) * K * np.exp(-r * t)

    return C
# From Put call Prity
def put_price(sigma, S, K, r, q, t, d1, d2):

    P = - S * np.exp(-q * t) + K * np.exp(-r * t) + call_price(sigma, S, K, r, q, t, d1, d2)

    return P
def calc_put_iv(S,K,t,r,q,P0,tol,epsilon,count,max_iter,vol):
    while epsilon > tol:
        #  Count how many iterations and make sure while loop doesn't run away
        count += 1
        print(count)
        if count >= max_iter:
            print('Breaking on count')
            break;
        #  Log the value previously calculated to computer percent change
        #  between iterations
        orig_vol = vol
        #  Calculate the vale of the call price
        d1, d2 = d(vol, S, K, r,q, t)
        function_value = put_price(vol, S, K, r, q, t, d1, d2) - P0
        #  Calculate vega, the derivative of the price with respect to
        #  volatility
        vega = S * norm.pdf(d1) * np.sqrt(t)* np.exp(-q * t)
        #  Update for value of the volatility
        vol = -function_value / vega + vol
        #  Check the percent change between current and last iteration
        epsilon = abs( (vol - orig_vol) / orig_vol )
    
        print(vol)
    return vol


#  Print out the results
df["IV"] = calc_put_iv(df["Stock Price"], df["Strike"], df["Length / 365"],0.001,df["Div Yield"],df["Premium"],1e-8,1,0,1000,.5)


Strike  Stock Price Premium Length  Div Yield   Length / 365    IV
470 407.339996  65.525  17  0   0.008219178 1.3080322786580916
400 407.339996  14.375  3   0   0.008219178 1.2202688594244515
490 490.649994  17.35   17  0   0.046575342 0.4190594565249461

标签: pythonpandasnumpyloops

解决方案


我设法找到了一个解决方案:

list_of_iv = []
#  Print out the results
for index, row in df.iterrows():
        iv = calc_put_iv(df["Stock Price"].iloc[index], df["Strike"].iloc[index], df["Length/365"].iloc[index],0.001,df["Div Yield"].iloc[index],df["Premium"].iloc[index],1e-8,1,0,1000,.5)
    list_of_iv.append(iv)
df['Put IV'] = pd.Series(list_of_iv)

它非常丑陋,而且可能效率不高,尤其是对于较大的数据集,所以如果有人可以改进这一点,我将不胜感激。


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