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04-webdriver基本操作

minfanblog 2021-05-17 16:04 原文

1、webdriver原理与组成

 

总的来说，webdriver以命令的方式通过driver告诉浏览器想要做什么，同样的通过driver获得信息

这里的driver指的是具体的driver，比如chromeDriver,

上面是直接交流的方式，也可以通过selenium服务器和Romotewebserver远程交流

 

 

远程交流方式可以替换成selenium server和selenium grid的形式，

 

 2、webdriver下载：

BrowserSupported OSMaintained byDownloadIssue Tracker
Chromium/Chrome Windows/macOS/Linux Google Downloads Issues
Firefox Windows/macOS/Linux Mozilla Downloads Issues
Edge Windows 10 Microsoft Downloads Issues
Internet Explorer Windows Selenium Project Downloads Issues
Safari macOS El Capitan and newer Apple Built in Issues
Opera Windows/macOS/Linux Opera Downloads Issues

 

 各驱动下载地址：

Chrome

点击下载chrome的webdriver： http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
不同的Chrome的版本对应的chromedriver.exe 版本也不一样，下载时不要搞错了。如果是最新的Chrome, 下载最新的chromedriver.exe 就可以了。
把chromedriver的路径也加到环境变量里。
 
Firefox
Firefox驱动下载地址为：https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/
根据自己的操作系统下载对应的驱动即可，使用的话，需要把驱动的路径和火狐浏览器的路径加入到环境变量里面才可以
 
IE
IE浏览器驱动下载地址为：http://selenium-release.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
根据自己selenium版本下载对应版本的驱动即可，python的话，下载里面的IEDriverServerxxx.zip即可，这个是区分32和64位系统的，根据自己的系统下载即可，需要注意的是，如果要打开IE浏览器的话，需要在浏览器的Internet选项中的安全页里有4个安全选项，Internet、本地Internet、受信任的站点、受限制的站点，这4个里面都有一个启用保护模式，都需要勾选上才可以，还得把驱动的路径加入到环境变量中。

3、使用

JAVA：

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

指定webdriver地址

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/path/to/chromedriver");

Python：

#Simple assignment
from selenium.webdriver import Chrome

driver = Chrome()

#Or use the context manager
from selenium.webdriver import Chrome

with Chrome() as driver:
    #your code inside this indent

指定webdriver

Chrome(executable_path='/path/to/chromedriver')

JavaScript：

const {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');

(async function myFunction() {
    let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
    //your code inside this block
})();

指定webdriver

chrome.setDefaultService(new chrome.ServiceBuilder('path/to/chromedriver').build());

4、浏览器操作　　

　　

操作 代码

navigate to

 
JAVA：
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");

//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");

Python：
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")

 

获取当前URL

 
JAVA：
driver.navigate().back();

Python：
driver.back()

退回上一页

 
JAVA：
driver.navigate().back();
Python：
driver.back()

前进一页

 


JAVA：
driver.navigate().forward();
Python：
driver.forward()












刷新当前页面






JAVA：
driver.navigate().refresh();
Python：
driver.refresh()










获取title






JAVA：
driver.getTitle();

Python:
driver.title










获取当前窗口句柄






JAVA：
driver.getWindowHandle();

Python：
driver.current_window_handle










切换窗口






JAVA：




//Store the ID of the original window
String originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert driver.getWindowHandles().size() == 1;

//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click();

//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2));

//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
    if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
        break;
    }
}

//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"));





Python:




from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# Start the driver
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # Open URL
    driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")

    # Setup wait for later
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # Store the ID of the original window
    original_window = driver.current_window_handle

    # Check we don't have other windows open already
    assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1

    # Click the link which opens in a new window
    driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()

    # Wait for the new window or tab
    wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

    # Loop through until we find a new window handle
    for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
        if window_handle != original_window:
            driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
            break

    # Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
    wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))




 














切换到新窗口或新标签页






JAVA：




// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);

// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);





python：




# Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')

# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')




 










关闭标签页






JAVA：




//Close the tab or window
driver.close();

//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);




Python：




#Close the tab or window
driver.close()

#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)




 










关闭浏览器






JAVA：driver.quit();
python：driver.quit()











Frames-使用webElement






JAVA：




//Store the web element
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"));

//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);

//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();





Python：




# Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")

# switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

# Now click on button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()




 










Frames-使用id或name






JAVA：




//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe");

//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe");

//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
  




 



python：




# Switch frame by id
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')

# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()




 










Frames-使用下标






JAVA：
　　// Switches to the second frame 
　　driver.switchTo().frame(1);
python：
　　# Switch to the second frame 
　　driver.switch_to.frame(1)











离开iframe






JAVA：




// Return to the top level
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();





Python：




# switch back to default content
driver.switch_to.default_content()




 










获取窗口大小






JAVA：




//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();

//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();




Python：




# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")

# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")












设置窗口大小






JAVA：driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));

Python：driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)










获取窗口位置






JAVA：




// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();

// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();




Python：




# Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')

# Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')












设置窗口位置






JAVA：




// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));




Python：




# Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)












窗口最大化






JAVA：
driver.manage().window().maximize();
Python：
driver.maximize_window()










窗口最小化






JAVA：
driver.manage().window().minimize();
Python：
driver.minimize_window()










窗口全屏






JAVA：
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();
Python：
driver.fullscreen_window()










截屏






JAVA：




import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;

public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
    public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.get("http://www.example.com");
        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
        driver.quit();
    }
}
  





Python：




from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')

driver.quit()












截取一个元素的图






JAVA：




import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;

public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
  public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.get("https://www.example.com");
    WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
    File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
    FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
    driver.quit();
  }
}




Python：




from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")

ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')

# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')

driver.quit()
  




 










执行JS






JAVA：






    //Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
      JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
    //Button Element
      WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
    //Executing JavaScript to click on element
      js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);
    //Get return value from script
      String text = (String) javascriptExecutor.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", element);
    //Executing JavaScript directly
      js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");




Python：




# code sample not available please raise a PR




 










复制页面






JAVA：




 import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;

    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
    printer = (PrintsPage) driver;

    PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
    printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");

    Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
    String content = pdf.getContent();




 


Python：




from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions

    print_options = PrintOptions()
    print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']

    driver.get("printPage.html")

    base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)




 


 










 


5 定位元素


 


 






操作
代码




定位一个元素


JAVA:


WebElement cheese = driver.findElement(By.id("cheese"));


driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#cheese #cheddar"));


Python:


driver.find_element(By.ID, "cheese")


cheddar = driver.find_element_by_css_selector("#cheese #cheddar")






定位多个元素


JAVA:


List<WebElement> muchoCheese = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("#cheese li"));


Python:


mucho_cheese = driver.find_elements_by_css_selector("#cheese li")


元素定位策略：





LocatorDescription





class name
Locates elements whose class name contains the search value (compound class names are not permitted)




css selector
Locates elements matching a CSS selector




id
Locates elements whose ID attribute matches the search value




name
Locates elements whose NAME attribute matches the search value




link text
Locates anchor elements whose visible text matches the search value




partial link text
Locates anchor elements whose visible text contains the search value. If multiple elements are matching, only the first one will be selected.




tag name
Locates elements whose tag name matches the search value




xpath
Locates elements matching an XPath expression










 相对定位


 python：


above（）




from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag_name

passwordField = driver.find_element(By.ID, "password")
emailAddressField = driver.find_element(with_tag_name("input").above(passwordField))




below




from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag_name

emailAddressField = driver.find_element(By.ID, "email")
passwordField = driver.find_element(with_tag_name("input").below(emailAddressField))




toLeftOf()




from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag_name

submitButton = driver.find_element(By.ID, "submit")
cancelButton = driver.find_element(with_tag_name("button").
                                   to_left_of(submitButton))




toRightOf()


 




from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag_name

cancelButton = driver.find_element(By.ID, "cancel")
submitButton = driver.find_element(with_tag_name("button").
                                   to_right_of(cancelButton))




near()


 




from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import with_tag_name

emailAddressLabel = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lbl-email")
emailAddressField = driver.find_element(with_tag_name("input").
                                       near(emailAddressLabel))




 








 突变观察


就是DOM中突然有一个元素时可以通过突变观察捕获




 JAVA：




WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();


HasLogEvents logger = (HasLogEvents) driver;

AtomicReference<DomMutationEvent> seen = new AtomicReference<>();
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
logger.onLogEvent(domMutation(mutation -> {
    seen.set(mutation);
    latch.countDown();
}));

driver.get("http://www.google.com");
WebElement span = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("span"));

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute('cheese', 'gouda');", span);

assertThat(latch.await(10, SECONDS)).isTrue();
assertThat(seen.get().getAttributeName()).isEqualTo("cheese");
assertThat(seen.get().getCurrentValue()).isEqualTo("gouda");




Python：




from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
async with driver.log.mutation_events() as event:
    pages.load("dynamic.html")
    driver.find_element(By.ID, "reveal").click()
    WebDriverWait(driver, 5)\
        .until(EC.visibility_of(driver.find_element(By.ID, "revealed")))

assert event["attribute_name"] == "style"
assert event["current_value"] == ""
assert event["old_value"] == "display:none;"




 






 等待


 1、显示等待：


webdriver的针对某个元素的明确等待 




from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")
el = WebDriverWait(driver).until(lambda d: d.find_element_by_tag_name("p"))
assert el.text == "Hello from JavaScript!"




设置超时：WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=3).until(some_condition)


预期条件：


    

  • 警报存在
    • 

  • 元素存在
    • 

  • 元素是可见的
    • 

  • 标题包含
    • 

  • 标题是
    • 

  • 元素陈旧
    • 

  • 可见文字
    • 



您可以参考每个客户端绑定的API文档，以找到预期条件的详尽列表：



2、强制等待


import time


sleep(1000)


3、隐式等待 


是指对整个页面的加载




driver = Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
my_dynamic_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "myDynamicElement")




4、流畅等待FluentWait




driver = Firefox()
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10, poll_frequency=1, ignored_exceptions=[ElementNotVisibleException, ElementNotSelectableException])
element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, "//div")))




 






alert 
 



# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
alert = wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text

# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
  




 








Confirm

 		
 



# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text

# Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()




 






 

Prompt


 



# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt").click()

# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())

# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = Alert(driver)

# Type your message
alert.send_keys("Selenium")

# Press the OK button
alert.accept()




 






 代理
 



from selenium import webdriver

PROXY = "<HOST:PORT>"
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy'] = {
    "httpProxy": PROXY,
    "ftpProxy": PROXY,
    "sslProxy": PROXY,
    "proxyType": "MANUAL",

}

with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # Open URL
    driver.get("https://selenium.dev")




 






 页面加载方式
 



from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'  # 'eager'，'none'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()




 






 寻找元素find element|find elements


 python：




from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Firefox()

driver.get("http://www.google.com")

# Get search box element from webElement 'q' using Find Element
search_box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")

search_box.send_keys("webdriver")






from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Firefox()

# Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')

for e in elements:
    print(e.text)




 






 

Find Element From Element


 python：



from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
search_form = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "form")
search_box = search_form.find_element(By.NAME, "q")
search_box.send_keys("webdriver")






from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

# Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'div')

# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
    print(e.text)




 






 获取active 元素
 



from selenium import webdriver
  from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

  driver = webdriver.Chrome()
  driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")

  # Get attribute of current active element
  attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")
  print(attr)




 






 元素是否禁止
 



# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.google.com")

# Returns true if element is enabled else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'btnK').is_enabled()




 






 元素是否选择
 



# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/checkboxes")

# Returns true if element is checked else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='checkbox']:first-of-type").is_selected()




 






 获取选择的tag标签
 



# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

# Returns TagName of the element
attr = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").tag_name




 






 获取元素的位置
 

    

  • X-axis position from the top-left corner of the element
    • 

  • y-axis position from the top-left corner of the element
    • 

  • Height of the element
    • 

  • Width of the element
    • 





# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
res = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").rect




 






 获取元素的css属性
 



# Navigate to Url
driver.get('https://www.example.com')

# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
cssValue = driver.findElement(By.LINK_TEXT, "More information...").value_of_css_property('color')




 






 获取元素的text值
 



# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")

# Retrieves the text of the element
text = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1").text
  




 













	

		


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