c++ - openGL精湛的源代码编译错误
问题描述
我刚刚开始使用 openGL Superbible 学习 openGL 编程。不幸的是,我无法编译任何示例。我在 Ubuntu 18.10 上,我使用官方存储库中的这些包准备了开发环境:
mesa-common-dev(使用这些包,您可以在 /usr/include/GL/ 中获得头文件)
libglfw3-dev(/usr/include/GLFW/ 中的头文件)
本书使用了一个小框架,入口点在 sb7.h 头文件中(在本书源代码中),sb7.h 然后指向 glfw3 和 gl3w(后者随本书的源代码给出,所以你不需要下载它)。
这是本书的第一个例子:
#ifndef _LINUX
#define _LINUX
#endif
// Include the "sb7.h" header file
#include "sb7.h"
// Derive my_application from sb7::application
class my_application : public sb7::application
{
public:
// Our rendering function
void render(double currentTime)
{
// Simply clear the window with red
static const GLfloat red[] = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
glClearBufferfv(GL_COLOR, 0, red);
}
};
// Our one and only instance of DECLARE_MAIN
DECLARE_MAIN(my_application);
如果我尝试编译它(文件名为“main.cpp”),g++ main.cpp -lglfw
我会收到以下错误:
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o: in function `sb7::application::run(sb7::application*)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x27e): undefined reference to `gl3wInit'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x29f): undefined reference to `gl3wIsSupported'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2af): undefined reference to `gl3wDebugMessageCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2bd): undefined reference to `sb7::application::debug_callback(unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, int, char const*, void*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2c9): undefined reference to `gl3wEnable'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2de): undefined reference to `sb6IsExtensionSupported(char const*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2ee): undefined reference to `gl3wDebugMessageCallbackARB'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2fc): undefined reference to `sb7::application::debug_callback(unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, int, char const*, void*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x308): undefined reference to `gl3wEnable'
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onResize(GLFWwindow*, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii[_ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii]+0x15): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii[_ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onKey(GLFWwindow*, int, int, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii[_ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii[_ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii]+0x23): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onMouseButton(GLFWwindow*, int, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii[_ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii]+0x18): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o:main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii[_ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii]+0x1f): more undefined references to `sb7::application::app' follow
/usr/bin/ld: /tmp/ccDOdloQ.o: in function `my_application::render(double)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN14my_application6renderEd[_ZN14my_application6renderEd]+0x14): undefined reference to `gl3wClearBufferfv'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
阅读消息时,我认为 gl3w 库有问题,所以我从github 存储库下载了它,并将它和 glcorearb.h 放入/usr/include/GL/
,将 sb7.h 中的指向该#include
文件夹。最终,我编译了 gl3w.c 并使用 g++ 将其链接到 main.cpp,如下所示:
g++ -c gl3w.c
g++ -c main.cpp
g++ gl3w.o main.o
但是当我执行 3) 我得到其他错误:
/usr/bin/ld: gl3w.o: in function `open_libgl()':
gl3w.c:(.text+0x16): undefined reference to `dlopen'
/usr/bin/ld: gl3w.c:(.text+0x4d): undefined reference to `dlsym'
/usr/bin/ld: gl3w.o: in function `close_libgl()':
gl3w.c:(.text+0x6f): undefined reference to `dlclose'
/usr/bin/ld: gl3w.o: in function `get_proc(char const*)':
gl3w.c:(.text+0xc5): undefined reference to `dlsym'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `sb7::application::run(sb7::application*)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x21): undefined reference to `glfwInit'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x7c): undefined reference to `glfwWindowHint'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x92): undefined reference to `glfwWindowHint'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0xb3): undefined reference to `glfwWindowHint'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0xd4): undefined reference to `glfwWindowHint'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0xe3): undefined reference to `glfwWindowHint'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o:main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0xf2): more undefined references to `glfwWindowHint' follow
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `sb7::application::run(sb7::application*)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x13f): undefined reference to `glfwGetPrimaryMonitor'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x172): undefined reference to `glfwCreateWindow'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x1c8): undefined reference to `glfwMakeContextCurrent'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x1e2): undefined reference to `glfwSetWindowSizeCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x1fc): undefined reference to `glfwSetKeyCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x216): undefined reference to `glfwSetMouseButtonCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x230): undefined reference to `glfwSetCursorPosCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x24a): undefined reference to `glfwSetScrollCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x279): undefined reference to `glfwSetInputMode'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2af): undefined reference to `gl3wDebugMessageCallback'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2bd): undefined reference to `sb7::application::debug_callback(unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, int, char const*, void*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2c9): undefined reference to `gl3wEnable'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2de): undefined reference to `sb6IsExtensionSupported(char const*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2ee): undefined reference to `gl3wDebugMessageCallbackARB'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x2fc): undefined reference to `sb7::application::debug_callback(unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, unsigned int, int, char const*, void*)'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x308): undefined reference to `gl3wEnable'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x339): undefined reference to `glfwGetTime'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x355): undefined reference to `glfwSwapBuffers'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x35a): undefined reference to `glfwPollEvents'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x372): undefined reference to `glfwGetKey'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x39b): undefined reference to `glfwWindowShouldClose'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x3e7): undefined reference to `glfwDestroyWindow'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_[_ZN3sb711application3runEPS0_]+0x3ec): undefined reference to `glfwTerminate'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onResize(GLFWwindow*, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii[_ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii]+0x15): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii[_ZN3sb711application13glfw_onResizeEP10GLFWwindowii]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onKey(GLFWwindow*, int, int, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii[_ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii]+0x1c): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii[_ZN3sb711application10glfw_onKeyEP10GLFWwindowiiii]+0x23): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `sb7::application::glfw_onMouseButton(GLFWwindow*, int, int, int)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii[_ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii]+0x18): undefined reference to `sb7::application::app'
/usr/bin/ld: main.o:main.cpp:(.text._ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii[_ZN3sb711application18glfw_onMouseButtonEP10GLFWwindowiii]+0x1f): more undefined references to `sb7::application::app' follow
/usr/bin/ld: main.o: in function `my_application::render(double)':
main.cpp:(.text._ZN14my_application6renderEd[_ZN14my_application6renderEd]+0x14): undefined reference to `gl3wClearBufferfv'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
此时我尝试使用已经包含 gl3w.c 的 gl3w.h的单个文件版本。我把两个头文件/usr/include/GL/
放进去,然后我把 sb7.h 指向那个版本的库,但是出现了其他错误g++ main.cpp -lglfw
:
In file included from main.cpp:6:
sb7.h: In member function ‘virtual void sb7::application::run(sb7::application*)’:
sb7.h:137:9: error: ‘gl3wInit’ was not declared in this scope
gl3wInit();
^~~~~~~~
sb7.h:137:9: note: suggested alternative: ‘glfwInit’
gl3wInit();
^~~~~~~~
glfwInit
sb7.h:147:17: error: ‘gl3wIsSupported’ was not declared in this scope
if (gl3wIsSupported(4, 3))
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
sb7.h:147:17: note: suggested alternative: ‘gl3w_is_supported’
if (gl3wIsSupported(4, 3))
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
gl3w_is_supported
我#define GL3W_IMPLEMENTATION
之前也#include "GL/gl3w.h"
按照 gl3w 的单文件版本的文档中的建议添加了,但没有运气。我在另一本书的源代码中遇到了同样的错误。
希望有人能帮助我。谢谢你。
解决方案
推荐阅读
- javascript - 如何检测消息何时被编辑
- python - 如何从已知的关联中创建集群/组?
- html - 如果格式不是“yyyy-MM-dd”,角度插值绑定不显示日期
- java - 詹金斯找不到输入文件
- python - 网站使用了我一半的网页抓取代码,但另一半给出了错误消息
- php - 阻止用户访问 admin.php
- double - 无法摆脱 Visual Studio Code 中标签上的双光标
- c++ - 如何使用 boost 图形库广度优先搜索创建遍历顶点队列?
- python - 如何让这个函数更有效地计算支配者?
- python - 如何使用 pymysql 清除 SScursor 的缓冲区?