首页 > 解决方案 > LZW 解压

问题描述

我正在用 C++ 实现 LZW 算法。

字典的大小是用户输入的,但最小值为 256,因此它应该适用于二进制文件。如果它到达字典的末尾,它会绕过索引 0 并从那里开始覆盖它。

例如,如果我输入一个爱丽丝梦游仙境脚本并用字典大小 512 压缩它,我会得到这个字典

但是我有一个解压问题,解压压缩文件的输出字典看起来像这样

我的解压代码是这样的

struct dictionary
{
    vector<unsigned char> entry;
    vector<bool> bits;
};

void decompress(dictionary dict[], vector<bool> file, int dictionarySize, int numberOfBits)
{
    //in this example
    //dictionarySize = 512, tells the max size of the dictionary, and goes back to 0 if it reaches 513
    //numberOfBits = log2(512) = 9
    //dictionary dict[] contains bits and strings (strings can be empty)
    // dict[0] = 
    //            entry = (unsigned char)0
    //            bits = (if numberOfBits = 9) 000000001
    // dict[255] = 
    //            entry = (unsigned char)255
    //            bits = (if numberOfBits = 9) 011111111
    // so the next entry will be dict[next] (next is currently 256)
    // dict[256] = 
    //            entry = what gets added in the code below
    //            bits = 100000000
    // all the bits are already set previously (dictionary size is int dictionarySize) so in this case all the bits from 0 to 511 are already set, entries are set from 0 to 255, so extended ASCII


    vector<bool> currentCode;
    vector<unsigned char> currentString;
    vector<unsigned char> temp;

    int next=256;
    bool found=false;

    for(int i=0;i<file.size();i+=numberOfBits)
    {
        for(int j=0;j<numberOfBits;j++)
        {
            currentCode.push_back(file[i+j]);
        }

        for(int j=0;j<dictionarySize;j++)
        {
            // when the currentCode (size numberOfBits) gets found in the dictionary
            if(currentCode==dict[j].bits)
            {
                currentString = dict[j].entry;

                // if the current string isnt empty, then it means it found the characted in the dictionary
                if(!currentString.empty())
                {
                    found = true;
                }
            }
        }

        //if the currentCode in the dictionary has a string value attached to it
        if(found)
        {
            for(int j=0;j<currentString.size();j++)
            {
                cout<<currentString[j];
            }

            temp.push_back(currentString[0]);

            // so it doesnt just push 1 character into the dictionary
            // example, if first read character is 'r', it is already in the dictionary so it doesnt get added 
            if(temp.size()>1)
            {
                // if next is more than 511, writing to that index would cause an error, so it resets back to 0 and goes back up
                if(next>dictionarySize-1) //next > 512-1
                {
                    next = 0;
                }
                dict[next].entry.clear();
                dict[next].entry = temp;
                next++;
            }

            //temp = currentString;
        }
        else
        {
            currentString = temp;
            currentString.push_back(temp[0]);

            for(int j=0;j<currentString.size();j++)
            {
                cout<<currentString[j];
            }

            // if next is more than 511, writing to that index would cause an error, so it resets back to 0 and goes back up
            if(next>dictionarySize-1)
            {
                next = 0;
            }
            dict[next].entry.clear();
            dict[next].entry = currentString;
            next++;

            //break;
        }

        temp = currentString;

        // currentCode gets cleared, and written into in the next iteration
        currentCode.clear();

        //cout<<endl;
        found = false;
    }
}

我目前被卡住了,不知道在这里修复什么来修复输出。我还注意到,如果我放一本足够大的字典,那么它就不会绕过字典(它不会到达末尾并从 0 重新开始)它可以工作。

标签: c++algorithmlzw

解决方案


  1. 从小处着手

    您正在使用要调试的数据过多的文件。从小字符串开始。我从Wikili拿了这个很好的例子:

    Input: "abacdacacadaad"
    
    step    input           match   output  new_entry   new_index
                                            a           0
                                            b           1
                                            c           2
                                            d           3
    1       abacdacacadaad  a       0       ab          4
    2       bacdacacadaad   b       1       ba          5
    3       acdacacadaad    a       0       ac          6
    4       cdacacadaad     c       2       cd          7
    5       dacacadaad      d       3       da          8
    6       acacadaad       ac      6       aca         9
    7       acadaad         aca     9       acad        10
    8       daad            da      8       daa         11
    9       ad              a       0       ad          12
    10      d               d       3       
    
    Output: "0102369803"
    

    因此,您可以通过交叉匹配输入/输出和字典内容逐步调试代码。一旦正确完成,您就可以对解码执行相同的操作:

    Input: "0102369803"
    
    step    input   output  new_entry   new_index
                            a           0
                            b           1
                            c           2
                            d           3
    1       0       a       
    2       1       b       ab          4
    3       0       a       ba          5
    4       2       c       ac          6
    5       3       d       cd          7
    6       6       ac      da          8
    7       9       aca     aca         9
    8       8       da      acad        10
    9       0       a       daa         11
    10      3       d       ad          12
    
    Output: "abacdacacadaad"
    

    只有这样才能移动到文件并清除字典处理。

  2. 比特流

    一旦你在小字母上成功完成 LZW,你就可以尝试使用完整的字母和位编码。您知道 LZW 流可以以任何位长(不仅仅是 8/16/32/64 位)编码,这会极大地影响压缩率(相对于使用的数据属性)。所以我会尝试对变量(或预定义的位长)的数据进行通用访问。

有点好奇,所以我为压缩编码了一个简单的 C++/VCL 示例:

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// LZW
const int LZW_bits=12;              // encoded bitstream size
const int LZW_size=1<<LZW_bits;     // dictinary size
// bitstream R/W
DWORD bitstream_tmp=0;
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// return LZW_bits from dat[adr,bit] and increment position (adr,bit)
DWORD bitstream_read(BYTE *dat,int siz,int &adr,int &bit,int bits)
    {
    DWORD a=0,m=(1<<bits)-1;
    // save tmp if enough bits
    if (bit>=bits){ a=(bitstream_tmp>>(bit-bits))&m; bit-=bits; return a; }
    for (;;)
        {
        // insert byte
        bitstream_tmp<<=8;
        bitstream_tmp&=0xFFFFFF00;
        bitstream_tmp|=dat[adr]&255;
        adr++; bit+=8;
        // save tmp if enough bits
        if (bit>=bits){ a=(bitstream_tmp>>(bit-bits))&m; bit-=bits; return a; }
        // end of data
        if (adr>=siz) return 0;
        }
    }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// write LZW_bits from a to dat[adr,bit] and increment position (adr,bit)
// return true if buffer is full
bool bitstream_write(BYTE *dat,int siz,int &adr,int &bit,int bits,DWORD a)
    {
    a<<=32-bits;        // align to MSB
    // save tmp if aligned
    if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==32)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>>24)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
    if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==24)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>>16)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
    if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==16)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>> 8)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
    if ((adr<siz)&&(bit== 8)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp    )&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
    // process all bits of a
    for (;bits;bits--)
        {
        // insert bit
        bitstream_tmp<<=1;
        bitstream_tmp&=0xFFFFFFFE;
        bitstream_tmp|=(a>>31)&1;
        a<<=1; bit++;
        // save tmp if aligned
        if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==32)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>>24)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
        if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==24)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>>16)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
        if ((adr<siz)&&(bit==16)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp>> 8)&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
        if ((adr<siz)&&(bit== 8)){ dat[adr]=(bitstream_tmp    )&255; adr++; bit-=8; }
        }
    return (adr>=siz);
    }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool str_compare(char *s0,int l0,char *s1,int l1)
    {
    if (l1<l0) return false;
    for (;l0;l0--,s0++,s1++)
     if (*s0!=*s1) return false;
    return true;
    }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AnsiString LZW_encode(AnsiString raw)
    {
    AnsiString lzw="";
    int i,j,k,l;
    int adr,bit;
    DWORD a;
    const int siz=32;                   // bitstream buffer
    BYTE buf[siz];
    AnsiString dict[LZW_size];          // dictionary
    int dicts=0;                        // actual size of dictionary

    // init dictionary
    for (dicts=0;dicts<256;dicts++) dict[dicts]=char(dicts);    // full 8bit binary alphabet
//  for (dicts=0;dicts<4;dicts++) dict[dicts]=char('a'+dicts);  // test alphabet "a,b,c,d"

    l=raw.Length();
    adr=0; bit=0;
    for (i=0;i<l;)
        {
        i&=i;
        // find match in dictionary
        for (j=dicts-1;j>=0;j--)
         if (str_compare(dict[j].c_str(),dict[j].Length(),raw.c_str()+i,l-i))
            {
            i+=dict[j].Length();
            if (i<l)    // add new entry in dictionary (if not end of input)
                {
                // clear dictionary if full
                if (dicts>=LZW_size) dicts=256; // full 8bit binary alphabet
//              if (dicts>=LZW_size) dicts=4;   // test alphabet "a,b,c,d"
                else{
                    dict[dicts]=dict[j]+AnsiString(raw[i+1]); // AnsiString index starts from 1 hence the +1
                    dicts++;
                    }
                }
            a=j; j=-1; break;       // full binary output
//          a='0'+j; j=-1; break;   // test ASCII output
            }
        // store result to bitstream
        if (bitstream_write(buf,siz,adr,bit,LZW_bits,a))
            {
            // append buf to lzw
            k=lzw.Length();
            lzw.SetLength(k+adr);
            for (j=0;j<adr;j++) lzw[j+k+1]=buf[j];
            // reset buf
            adr=0;
            }
        }
    if (bit)
        {
        // store the remainding bits with zeropad
        bitstream_write(buf,siz,adr,bit,LZW_bits-bit,0);
        }
    if (adr)
        {
        // append buf to lzw
        k=lzw.Length();
        lzw.SetLength(k+adr);
        for (j=0;j<adr;j++) lzw[j+k+1]=buf[j];
        }
    return lzw;
    }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AnsiString LZW_decode(AnsiString lzw)
    {
    AnsiString raw="";
    int adr,bit,siz,ix;
    DWORD a;
    AnsiString dict[LZW_size];          // dictionary
    int dicts=0;                        // actual size of dictionary

    // init dictionary
    for (dicts=0;dicts<256;dicts++) dict[dicts]=char(dicts);    // full 8bit binary alphabet
//  for (dicts=0;dicts<4;dicts++) dict[dicts]=char('a'+dicts);  // test alphabet "a,b,c,d"

    siz=lzw.Length();
    adr=0; bit=0; ix=-1;
    for (adr=0;(adr<siz)||(bit>=LZW_bits);)
        {
        a=bitstream_read(lzw.c_str(),siz,adr,bit,LZW_bits);
//      a-='0';                         // test ASCII input
        // clear dictionary if full
        if (dicts>=LZW_size){ dicts=4; ix=-1; }
        // new dictionary entry
        if (ix>=0)
            {
            if (a>=dicts){ dict[dicts]=dict[ix]+AnsiString(dict[ix][1]); dicts++; }
            else         { dict[dicts]=dict[ix]+AnsiString(dict[a ][1]); dicts++; }
            } ix=a;
        // update decoded output
        raw+=dict[a];
        }
    return raw;
    }
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------

并使用// test ASCII input行输出:

txt="abacdacacadaad"
enc="0102369803"
dec="abacdacacadaad"

我使用的唯一 VCL 东西在哪里AnsiString,它只是自分配字符串变量,注意它的索引从1.

AnsiString s;
s[5]              // character access (1 is first character) 
s.Length()        // returns size
s.c_str()         // returns char*
s.SetLength(size) // resize

所以只要使用你得到的任何字符串......

如果您没有BYTE,DWORD使用unsigned charunsigned int而是...

看起来它也适用于长文本(大于字典和/或比特流缓冲区大小)。但是请注意,清除可能在几个不同的代码位置完成,但必须在编码器/解码器中同步,否则清除数据后会损坏。

该示例可以仅使用"a,b,c,d"字母表或完整的 8it 之一。目前设置为 8bit。如果您想更改它,只需 un-rem 这些// test ASCII input行并 rem out// full 8bit binary alphabet代码中的行。

要测试交叉缓冲区和边界,您可以使用:

const int LZW_bits=12;              // encoded bitstream size
const int LZW_size=1<<LZW_bits;     // dictinary size

还有:

const int siz=32;                   // bitstream buffer

常量...这也会影响性能,因此请根据自己的喜好进行调整。注意bitstream_write没有优化,可以大大加快速度......

此外,为了调试 4 位对齐编码,我正在使用编码数据的十六进制打印(十六进制字符串是其 ASCII 版本的两倍),如下所示(忽略 VCL 的东西):

AnsiString txt="abacdacacadaadddddddaaaaaaaabcccddaaaaaaaaa",enc,dec,hex;
enc=LZW_encode(txt);
dec=LZW_decode(enc);

// convert to hex
hex=""; for (int i=1,l=enc.Length();i<=l;i++) hex+=AnsiString().sprintf("%02X",enc[i]);

mm_log->Lines->Add("\""+txt+"\"");
mm_log->Lines->Add("\""+hex+"\"");
mm_log->Lines->Add("\""+dec+"\"");
mm_log->Lines->Add(AnsiString().sprintf("ratio: %i%",(100*enc.Length()/dec.Length())));

结果:

"abacdacacadaadddddddaaaaaaaabcccddaaaaaaaaa"
"06106206106306410210510406106410FFFFFF910A10706110FFFFFFD10E06206311110910FFFFFFE11410FFFFFFD0"
"abacdacacadaadddddddaaaaaaaabcccddaaaaaaaaa"
ratio: 81%

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