python - 如何删除屏幕中间的黑色精灵？

Question

我有一个迷宫游戏，它包含 3 个不同的类，其中包括 2 个迷宫解决算法和一个让玩家用上、下、左和右键四处移动的类。所以在类之间切换的方法是使用 tab 键。但是，当我到达用户可以手动控制精灵的类时，总会有一个随机的黑色箭头，看起来像是在我的窗口中间穿过痉挛。即使我可以设法控制橙色精灵，但那个黑色箭头仍然存在。无论如何我可以删除它吗？我尝试使用hideturtle隐藏箭头，但无济于事。

我高度怀疑是由于我的这部分代码导致出现黑色箭头。但我无法找到替代品。

while True:
    ManualMovements()

这是黑色精灵现在的样子：

我当前的代码：

from turtle import * # import the turtle library

# define the tile_size and cursor_size for usage later on
TILE_SIZE = 24 
CURSOR_SIZE = 20

screen = Screen() # instantiate the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700) # determine the size of the turtle pop out window

class Wall(Turtle): # create Wall class to plot out the walls
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
        self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
        self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
        self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
        self.pencolor('black') #  define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
        self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
        self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed

class Path(Turtle): # create Path class to plot out the path
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
        self.hideturtle() # hide the cursor
        self.shape('square') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
        self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) # define the size of the square
        self.pencolor('white') #  define the color that we are going to plot the grids out
        self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
        self.speed('fastest') # get the fastest speed

class Sprite(Turtle): # create Sprite class to define the turtle and its characteristics
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__() # inherit from Turtle(parent class)
        self.shape('turtle') # define the shape of the object we wanna draw out
        self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE)-0.4) # define the size of the square
        self.color('orange') #  define the color that we are going to plot the turtle
        self.penup() # to prevent the pen from leaving a trace
        self.speed('slowest') # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement

class ManualMovements(Sprite): # create ManualMovement class to let the user manually control the sprite
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.moves = 0
        self.hideturtle()
        self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, "Up")
        self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, "Down")
        self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, "Left")
        self.screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, "Right")

    def go_up(self):
        xcor = sprite.xcor()
        ycor = sprite.ycor()

        if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
            sprite.setheading(90)
            sprite.goto(xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE)

    def go_down(self):
        xcor = sprite.xcor()
        ycor = sprite.ycor()

        if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
            sprite.setheading(270)
            sprite.goto(xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE)

    def go_left(self):
        xcor = sprite.xcor()
        ycor = sprite.ycor()

        if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
            sprite.setheading(180)
            sprite.goto(xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor)

    def go_right(self):
        xcor = sprite.xcor()
        ycor = sprite.ycor()

        if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
            sprite.setheading(0)
            sprite.goto(xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor)

def setup_maze(level): # create a setup_maze function so that we can plot out the map in turtle
    # declare maze_height and maze_width first as the limits for the entire maze
    maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])

    # get the center point for each maze
    center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
    center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2    

    for y in range(maze_height): # for loop to limit the entire maze
        for x in range(maze_width):
            character = level[y][x] # get the character at each x,y coordinate

            # calculate the screen x, y coordinates
            screen_x = ((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE) + (center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
            screen_y = ((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE) - (center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)

            if character == "X":
                maze.fillcolor('grey')
                maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
                maze.stamp()
                walls.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the wall to the list
            else:
                maze.fillcolor('white')
                maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
                maze.stamp()
                paths.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the path to the list

            if character == "e":
                maze.fillcolor(['white', 'red'][character == 'e'])
                maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # proceed on to the coordinates on turtle
                maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
                finish.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the endpoint to the list             

            if character == 's': # if statement to determine if the character is s
                maze.fillcolor('green')
                maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)
                maze.stamp() # stamp out the boxes
                start.append((screen_x, screen_y)) # add coordinates for the startpoint to the list
                sprite.goto(screen_x, screen_y) # move the sprite to the location where it is supposed to start

def endProgram(): # exit the entire program upon clicking anywhere in the turtle window
    screen.exitonclick()

grid = []                               # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file
walls = []                              # create walls coordinate list
start = []
finish = []                             # enable the finish array
paths = []
maze = Wall()                           # enable the Wall class
sprite = Sprite()                       # enable the Sprite class
path = Path() 

with open("map02.txt") as file:         # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
    for line in file:
        grid.append(line.strip())

setup_maze(grid)                        # call the setup maze function

start_x, start_y = (start[0])[0], (start[0])[1]

sprite.seth(0)
sprite.goto(start_x, start_y)

while True:
    ManualMovements()

screen.listen() # we need this in order to allow turtle to detect what key we are pressing and respond to it
screen.mainloop()

一个示例 txt 文件映射：

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Xe.................X
XXXXXXX...X..XXXXX.X
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
XXX.......X...X.XXXX
XXXXXX....X.....XXXX
X.........X...XXXXXX
X.XXXXXX..X...XXXXXX
X.X.......X..XXXXXXX
X.X...XXXX.........X
X.XXXXXsXX..XXXXXXXX
X..............XXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

编辑：已经进行了一些编辑。请再看一遍。为了执行代码，您必须先按一次 Tab，然后再按我身边的上、下、左、右按钮。我还删除了这两个类以防止混淆，而且因为我指出这部分代码是我的错误应该来自的地方。上面的当前代码也确实复制了相同的错误。

标签： pythonpython-3.xpython-turtle

Answer 1

问题是你的ManualMovements班级是错误的。而不是一个奇怪的辅助类，它应该是Sprite. （类似于完全自动化的 Sprite 子类。）我在下面相应地修改了您的代码，并进行了其他修复和优化 - 选择您认为合适的：

from turtle import Screen, Turtle

# define some global constants for use later
TILE_SIZE = 24
CURSOR_SIZE = 20

class Wall(Turtle):
    ''' class to plot out walls '''

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(shape='square')  # inherit from parent class

        self.hideturtle()
        self.shapesize(TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE)  # define the size of the square
        self.penup()  # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
        self.speed('fastest')

class Path(Wall):
    ''' class to plot out the path '''

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()  # inherit from parent class

        self.pencolor('white')  # define the color that we are going to plot the grids out

class Sprite(Turtle):
    ''' class to define turtle sprite and its characteristics '''

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__(shape='turtle')  # inherit from parent class

        self.shapesize((TILE_SIZE / CURSOR_SIZE) - 0.4)  # define the size of the square
        self.color('orange')  # color that we are going to plot the turtle
        self.penup()  # prevent the pen from leaving a trace
        self.speed('slowest')  # set speed to slowest to observe the sprite movement

class ManualSprite(Sprite):
    ''' class to let the user manually control the sprite '''

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up')
        screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')
        screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')
        screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')

    def go_up(self):
        screen.onkeypress(None, 'Up')  # disable handler inside handler

        xcor = int(self.xcor())
        ycor = int(self.ycor())

        if (xcor, ycor + TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
            self.setheading(90)
            self.sety(ycor + TILE_SIZE)

        screen.onkeypress(self.go_up, 'Up')  # reenable handler on exit

    def go_down(self):
        screen.onkeypress(None, 'Down')

        xcor = int(self.xcor())
        ycor = int(self.ycor())

        if (xcor, ycor - TILE_SIZE) not in walls:
            self.setheading(270)
            self.sety(ycor - TILE_SIZE)

        screen.onkeypress(self.go_down, 'Down')

    def go_left(self):
        screen.onkeypress(None, 'Left')

        xcor = int(self.xcor())
        ycor = int(self.ycor())

        if (xcor - TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
            self.setheading(180)
            self.setx(xcor - TILE_SIZE)

        screen.onkeypress(self.go_left, 'Left')

    def go_right(self):
        screen.onkeypress(None, 'Right')

        xcor = int(self.xcor())
        ycor = int(self.ycor())

        if (xcor + TILE_SIZE, ycor) not in walls:
            self.setheading(0)
            self.setx(xcor + TILE_SIZE)

        screen.onkeypress(self.go_right, 'Right')

def setup_maze(level):
    ''' plot out the map as a maze in turtle '''

    # declare the limits for the entire maze
    maze_height, maze_width = len(level), len(level[0])

    # get the center point for each maze
    center_horizontal_point = (maze_width + 1) / 2
    center_vertical_point = (maze_height + 1) / 2

    start = finish = None

    for y in range(maze_height):
        for x in range(maze_width):
            character = level[y][x]  # get the character at each coordinate

            # calculate the screen x, y coordinates
            screen_x = int((x - maze_width) * TILE_SIZE + center_horizontal_point * TILE_SIZE)
            screen_y = int((maze_height - y) * TILE_SIZE - center_vertical_point * TILE_SIZE)
            maze.goto(screen_x, screen_y)

            if character == 'X':
                maze.fillcolor('grey')
                walls.append((screen_x, screen_y))  # add coordinates for the wall
            else:
                paths.append((screen_x, screen_y))  # add coordinates for the path

                if character == 'e':
                    maze.fillcolor('red')
                    finish = (screen_x, screen_y)
                elif character == 's':
                    maze.fillcolor('green')
                    start = (screen_x, screen_y)
                else:
                    maze.fillcolor('white')

            maze.stamp()

    return start, finish

grid = []  # create a grid list to store the labels while reading from the txt file

with open("map02.txt") as file:  # open the txt file and read contents and append it to maze
    for line in file:
        grid.append(line.strip())

screen = Screen()  # extract the Screen class from turtle
screen.setup(700, 700)  # set the size of the turtle window

sprite = ManualSprite()  # instantiate a Sprite instance

walls = []  # walls coordinate list
paths = []

maze = Wall()  # instantiate the Wall class
path = Path()

start, finish = setup_maze(grid)

sprite.setheading(0)
sprite.goto(start) # move the sprite to the start location

screen.listen() # allow turtle to detect key press and respond to it
screen.mainloop()

我已经抛出了简单地回应显而易见的评论。此外，您的逻辑没有考虑浮点坐标的不精确性，这使得它们难以比较——我已将这些比较转换为int.